(Digital Presentation) Thermal Runaway Initiation, Propagation and the Potential for Propagation Inhibition in Commercial Automotive Lithium-Ion Cells and Modules

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries, containing flammable electrolytes, have become safer in many ways since their invention. As the technology matures, energy and power densities increase: the European Council for Automotive R&D set 2030 (cell level) targets for battery electric vehicle energy density of 1000 Wh L-1, with 450 Wh kg-1 specific energy and 1800 W kg-1 peak specific power. This rise in energy and power densities increases the risk of accidental release of energy from the batteries and thermal runaway (TR). Safety is thus a key concern when designing a lithium-ion battery system for electric vehicles (EV). TR relates to fast heating of a battery cell caused by exothermic chemical decomposition reactions of the materials inside the cells. It develops in a cell when heat is generated and cannot be dissipated quickly enough to the surroundings, giving rise to an abrupt (exponential) temperature increase and subsequent reaction rate increase. During TR, various exothermic side reactions can occur, leading to temperature increase, accompanied by pressure increase as electrolyte evaporates and venting. This can result in the emission of highly flammable gas and the formation of toxic atmosphere, as well as, in fire and, in very rare circumstances, in explosion. The corresponding temperature increase in adjacent cells (or modules) might then be sufficient to cause them to also go into TR – leading to a process known as thermal runaway propagation (TRP). Fit-for purpose testing procedures to assess the risks associated with TRP are therefore of utmost importance and the focus should always be the safety of the EV occupants, bystanders, first responders and property. Some tests in current standards and regulations try to simulate internally driven failures (e.g. internal short circuit), but whether these tests are suitable to represent field failures remains an open question. This work will give an insight into two selected TR initiation methods assessed within JRC’s TR initiation and propagation test campaigns, namely (a) localised rapid external heating, as developed and patented internationally by NRC (National Research Council Canada) and (b) ceramic nail penetration, as described in the IEC TR 62660-4 standard. It examines the response of short-stacks of pouch cells extracted from automotive batteries after TR is triggered in a single cell. Experimental data and analysis to better understand how TR propagates and the potential for TRP inhibition will be reported. The potential of inhibiting TRP is explored on 2- and 5-cell assemblies with a multi-layer, porous, composite insulation material between cells. Separating the cells can delay significantly TRP in adjacent cells in modules constructed with pouch cells, whereas TRP may be slowed and even inhibited as the thickness of the multilayer material varies.

Comparative Overview of Methods for the Detection of Airborne Electrolyte Components Released from Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…Vented gases often include products of the thermal and/or electrochemical decomposition of the battery (electrolyte) components such as CO, CO 2 , H 2 , CH 4 , other C2-C4 hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and organic and inorganic acids. [20] Next to volatile compounds, conducting salts can be hazardous too. It is obvious that in case of battery leakage the salts themselves cannot be detected by gas detection methods.…”

“…Vented gases often include products of the thermal and/or electrochemical decomposition of the battery (electrolyte) components such as CO, CO 2 , H 2 , CH 4 , other C2–C4 hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and organic and inorganic acids. [ 20 ]…”

“…To support the safe use of batteries in BEVs, the UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) published Phase 1 of the UN Global Technical Regulation No. 20…”