Digital Photogrammetry for Assessing Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity: Novel Standardized Three-Dimensional Versus Traditional Two-Dimensional Lateral Distraction Test

Hou, Xiaoyi; Rokohl, Alexander C.; Meinke, Marius M.; Zhang, Ming; Guo, Yongwei; Heindl, Ludwig M.

doi:10.1016/j.joms.2022.01.022

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The eyes and the periocular region, especially the eyelids, are the most prominent anatomical structures in the center of the face, attracting increasing interest in surgical or nonsurgical esthetic procedures to improve an undesired appearance or correct deformities (1). As introduced by Farkas (2), standardized facial anthropometric analysis has become widespread for disease diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, surgical planning, and postoperative followup (3)(4)(5). Moreover, since aesthetic assessment and disease diagnosis are comprehensive and holistic assessments to a certain extent, it is necessary to evaluate the 3-dimensional (3D) holistic contours and topological surfaces (i.e., area and volume).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I n r e c e n t d e c a d e s , 3 D s u r f a c e i m a g i n g a n d morphometrics, especially stereophotogrammetry, have rapidly become the preferred craniofacial surface imaging modality owing to their unprecedented precision and reliability. Three-dimensional lines, curve lines, and angles can be measured on the craniofacial surface, including the periocular region (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Moreover, as a unique advantage of the 3D surface imaging system, the measurement of periocular area and volume is becoming increasingly popular in clinical practice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel standardized approach for the 3D evaluation of upper eyelid area and volume

Guo¹,

Rokohl²,

Fan³

et al. 2023

Quant Imaging Med Surg

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Background: Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging and morphometrics are becoming the preferred craniofacial surface imaging modality. However, as a unique advantage of 3D imaging, areal and volumetric measurements have been rarely conducted and validated for evaluating soft tissue change in the periocular region, especially the upper eyelids. Therefore, based on an existing periocular landmark identification strategy, we proposed a novel modified method to define a standardized upper eyelid region for areal and volumetric measurements and validate its reliability for future clinical application.Methods: Forty-four healthy adult volunteers were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Threedimensional facial images were taken with a 3D imaging system. Subsequently, the upper eyelid region selection and areal and volumetric measurements were conducted using a modified landmarks localization strategy to evaluate their intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability.Results: Areal measurement of the upper eyelid revealed highly reliable outcomes for intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute difference (MAD), relative error measurement (REM), technical error of measurement (TEM), and relative technical error of measurement (%TEM) of 0.982, 0.1620 cm 2 , 2.9%, 0.1510 cm 2 , and 2.7% for intrarater reliability, respectively; 0.969, 0.2076 cm 2 , 3.7%, 0.1930 cm 2 , and 3.5% for interrater reliability, respectively; and 0.917, 0.3636 cm 2 , 6.5%, 0.3354 cm 2 , and 6.0% for intramethod reliability, respectively. Unsatisfactory results were found for the volumetric measurement of the upper eyelid: the ICC, MAD, REM, TEM, and %TEM estimates for intrarater reliability were 0.992, 0.2299 mL, 10.3%, 0.2414 mL, and 10.8%, respectively; for interrater reliability, these values were 0.985, 0.2749 mL, 12.3%, 0.3253 mL, and 14.6%, respectively; and for intramethod reliability, these values were 0.433, 1.6716 mL, ^ ORCID: Yongwei Guo,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel standardized approach for the 3D evaluation of upper eyelid area and volume

Guo¹,

Rokohl²,

Fan³

et al. 2023

Quant Imaging Med Surg

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“…However, only palpebral changes were investigated in that study; changes in other periocular parameters such as the medial and lateral canthal angles, which could be easily obtained using the digital system, were not included. In our previous study, we introduced the application of a standard three-dimensional lateral distraction test (3D-LDT) to evaluate the LET [19][20][21][22] , which demonstrating the potential further utilization of this novel methods in the field of periocular reconstruction. Hence, in the present study, we aim to investigate the reliability of a modified 3D-DT, which involved the use of a stainless eyelid hook, for the evaluation of LET.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified 3D stereophotogrammetry-based distraction test for assessing lower eyelid tension

Hou¹,

Meinke²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Int J Ophthalmol

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AIM: To investigate the reliability of a modified three-dimensional distraction test (3D-DT) and three-dimensional pinch test (3D-PT) for assessing lower eyelid tension (LET). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 97 volunteers including 97 eyelids with no history of trauma, tumor, or reconstructive surgeries. Six three-dimensional photographs were acquired for each participant, including two photographs obtained in a neutral position (NP), two using a modified 3D-DT with a 15.9-grammes stainless steel eyelid hook performed, and two using 3D-PT. RESULTS: The mean absolute differences between NP, 3D-DT, and 3D-PT measurements varied between 0.07 and 7.42, 0.10 and 13.10, and 0.07 and 15.97, respectively; technical error of measurement varied between 0.05 and 7.81, 0.09 and 10.19, and 0.07 and 12.47, respectively; and relative error measurements varied between 0.10% and 11.50%, 0.16% and 30.51%, and 0.11% and 38.75%, respectively. For intra-rater reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were more than 0.80 in seven out of eight measurements obtained in the NP and 3D-DT, whereas those obtained in the 3D-PT were as low as less than 0.30 by rater 1; the ICCs of all the measurements obtained in all the positions (NP, 3D-DT, and 3D-PT) were more than 0.80 by rater 2. For inter-rater reliability six out of eight NP and 3D-DT measurements had an ICC greater than 0.80, whereas those of 3D-PT measurements were less than 0.30. For intra-method reliability, the ICCs of all the NP measurements were more than 0.87, whereas those of the six 3D-DT measurements and four 3D-PT measurements were more than 0.80. CONCLUSION: Our study results prove that the modified 3D-DT, which involves the use of an eyelid hook, can be a highly reliable method for evaluating LET. Furthermore, this novel and simple method may be utilized as the basis for further investigation and routine pre- and postoperative clinical evaluation.

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Periocular Asymmetry Index in Caucasian Populations Using Three-dimensional Photogrammetry Assessment

Ju,

Rokohl,

Fan

et al. 2024

Aesth Plast Surg

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Objective To quantitatively assess the periocular asymmetry and investigate its sex and age-related differences in a Caucasian population using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry. Method Standardized 3D photos of the periocular region of 301 Caucasians were taken using the VECTRA M3 3D Imaging System. Standardized landmarks were positioned, and data measurements in the periocular region were obtained from these images using VAM software and assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for reliability. Absolute differences and asymmetry index between the right and the left periocular region were calculated with a focus on gender and age-related differences. Result Fissure height asymmetry was positively correlated with age (p < 0.01). Furthermore, reflex distance asymmetry was positively correlated with age in the elderly group (p < 0.05). Absolute differences of upper eyelid crease were 0.65 ± 0.79 mm for females and 0.90 ± 0.94 mm for males (p < 0.05). In the elderly group, the absolute differences of reflex distance were 0.664 ± 0.471 mm for males and 0.470 ± 0.408 mm for females (p < 0.05), while the absolute differences of fissure height were 0.619 ± 0.469 mm and 0.436 ± 0.372 mm, respectively (p < 0.05). All measurements had an inter-rater ICC and intra-rater ICC between 0.761 and 0.957. Conclusion Periocular asymmetry is more prominent in older and male people. 3D photogrammetry is a reliable tool to detect periocular asymmetry and might provide an accurate and effective reference for periocular cosmetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgery in the clinical routine. Level of Evidence I This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors. www.springer.com/00266.

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Digital Photogrammetry for Assessing Medial Canthal Tendon Laxity: Novel Standardized Three-Dimensional Versus Traditional Two-Dimensional Lateral Distraction Test

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

A novel standardized approach for the 3D evaluation of upper eyelid area and volume

A novel standardized approach for the 3D evaluation of upper eyelid area and volume

A modified 3D stereophotogrammetry-based distraction test for assessing lower eyelid tension

Periocular Asymmetry Index in Caucasian Populations Using Three-dimensional Photogrammetry Assessment

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