Digital optical phase conjugation for delivering two-dimensional images through turbid media

Hillman, Timothy R.; Yamauchi, Toyohiko; Choi, Wonshik; Dasari, Ramachandra R.; Feld, Michael S.; Park, YongKeun; Yaqoob, Zahid

doi:10.1038/srep01909

Cited by 137 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Second, to ensure well-sampling speckle grains by magnifying the speckle size, a lens with an iris [44] (Fig. 1e), or two high-magnification objective lenses [23,25,29] (Fig. 1f), are usually employed, and the PCM is always placed far from the rear surface of the scattering medium.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sub-Nyquist sampling boosts targeted light transport through opaque scattering media

Shen

Liu

et al. 2017

Optica

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Optical time-reversal techniques are being actively developed to focus light through or inside opaque scattering media. When applied to biological tissue, these techniques promise to revolutionize biophotonics by enabling deep-tissue non-invasive optical imaging, optogenetics, optical tweezing, and phototherapy. In all previous optical time-reversal experiments, the scattered light field was well-sampled during wavefront measurement and wavefront reconstruction, following the Nyquist sampling criterion. Here, we overturn this conventional practice by demonstrating that even when the scattered field is under-sampled, light can still be focused through or inside scattering media. Even more surprisingly, we show both theoretically and experimentally that the focus achieved by under-sampling can be one order of magnitude brighter than that achieved under the well-sampling conditions used in previous works, where 3×3 to 5×5 pixels were used to sample one speckle grain on average. Moreover, sub-Nyquist sampling improves the signal-to-noise ratio and the collection efficiency of the scattered light. We anticipate that this newly explored under-sampling scheme will transform the understanding of optical time reversal and boost the performance of optical imaging, manipulation, and communication through opaque scattering media.

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confidence: 99%

Sub-Nyquist sampling boosts targeted light transport through opaque scattering media

Shen

Liu

et al. 2017

Optica

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“…This property has allowed fascinating demonstrations such as the removal of inhomogeneity in the generation of photon echoes [4] or perfect absorption which is the opposite of lasing [5]. In imaging, multiple scattering and the principle of time reversal have been capitalized in reconstructing the incident field prior to multiple scattering [6][7][8]. In the microwave region, it has also been shown that scattering materials placed in the near field of a target object can scatter the near fields into propagating farfield components [9,10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Full-Field Subwavelength Imaging Using a Scattering Superlens

Park

Rodriguez

et al. 2014

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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Light-matter interaction gives optical microscopes tremendous versatility compared with other imaging methods such as electron microscopes, scanning probe microscopes, or x-ray scattering where there are various limitations on sample preparation and where the methods are inapplicable to bioimaging with live cells. However, this comes at the expense of a limited resolution due to the diffraction limit. Here, we demonstrate a novel method utilizing elastic scattering from disordered nanoparticles to achieve subdiffraction limited imaging. The measured far-field speckle fields can be used to reconstruct the subwavelength details of the target by time reversal, which allows full-field dynamic super-resolution imaging. The fabrication of the scattering superlens is extremely simple and the method has no restrictions on the wavelength of light that is used. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.113901 PACS numbers: 42.25.Fx, 42.25.Kb, 42.40.-i Since the first experimental demonstration of the nearfield scanning optical microscope (NSOM) [1], various methods to probe the near fields have been proposed. The field of bioimaging has shown the largest number of new techniques due to the direct need to use visible wavelengths and observation in a nonvacuum environment. Although the currently developed methods are comprised of multiple unique ideas, the common goal of all super-resolution techniques is the effective delivery of the high spatial frequency components of the target object's angular spectrum, which are evanescent and are restricted to distances smaller than the wavelength of light from the object of interest.Here, we propose to use multiple scattering in turbid media to deliver the near-field wave vectors to the observable far field, which allows optical subdiffraction limited imaging using conventional optics. Similar to the hyperlens [2] or in structured illumination [3] where a specific nearfield mode corresponds to a corresponding far-field mode, multiple scattering induces the mixture and transfer between the far and near fields. Because elastic scattering is described by Maxwell's equations, which has time-reversal symmetry, multiple scattering of light exhibits time-reversal symmetry no matter how complicated and random each scattering event is. This property has allowed fascinating demonstrations such as the removal of inhomogeneity in the generation of photon echoes [4] or perfect absorption which is the opposite of lasing [5]. In imaging, multiple scattering and the principle of time reversal have been capitalized in reconstructing the incident field prior to multiple scattering [6][7][8]. In the microwave region, it has also been shown that scattering materials placed in the near field of a target object can scatter the near fields into propagating farfield components [9,10]. More recently, similar phenomena have been shown numerically in the optical region utilizing subwavelength coupled resonators [11] and subwavelength imaging has been demonstrated by using the combination of the memory effect and a hig...

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“…23 Alternatively, phase conjugation methods have also been widely utilized for focusing through biological tissues. [24][25][26][27] This phase conjugation approach utilizes the general reciprocity of the turbid media which guarantees that every light path is bilateral. Since the optical path would not be changed under time reversal, identical scattering information can be obtained from reversed pathways.…”

Section: Focusing Through Biological Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective: Wavefront shaping techniques for controlling multiple light scattering in biological tissues: Toward in vivo applications

Park

Lee

et al. 2018

APL Photonics

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Multiple light scattering has been regarded as a barrier in imaging through complex media such as biological tissues. Owing to recent advances in wavefront shaping techniques, optical imaging through intact biological tissues without invasive procedures can now be used for direct experimental studies, presenting promising application opportunities in in vivo imaging and diagnosis. Although most of the recent proof of principle breakthroughs have been achieved in the laboratory setting with specialties in physics and engineering, we anticipate that these technologies can be translated to biological laboratories and clinical settings, which will revolutionize how we diagnose and treat a disease. To provide insight into the physical principle that enables the control of multiple light scattering in biological tissues and how recently developed techniques can improve bioimaging through thick tissues, we summarize recent progress on wavefront shaping techniques for controlling multiple light scattering in biological tissues.

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Digital optical phase conjugation for delivering two-dimensional images through turbid media

Cited by 137 publications

References 26 publications

Sub-Nyquist sampling boosts targeted light transport through opaque scattering media

Sub-Nyquist sampling boosts targeted light transport through opaque scattering media

Full-Field Subwavelength Imaging Using a Scattering Superlens

Perspective: Wavefront shaping techniques for controlling multiple light scattering in biological tissues: Toward in vivo applications

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