Digital Modulation of Coherently-Coupled <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times1$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Arrays

Numerical model for small-signal modulation response in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

“…The surplus injected carriers are turned into photons. The recombination rate denoted as 'losses' is given by the integral of in equation (34), while the stimulated emission rate is given by equation (4). The rates sum up to a linear function of the current, namely the number of carries injected into the active region per a unit of time.…”

“…We use the same δu distribution to calculate ∂G ∂N as an appropriate difference quotient, where G(N 0 , P 0 ) and G(N 0 + δN, P 0 ) are calculated using equation (4). In this equation, the only function that depends on u is the gain g.…”

“…In the existing and possible future short-range systems, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are natural candidates for the emitters in such systems. State-of-the-art optical links based on VCSELs reach bandwidths over 30 Gbps [1][2][3][4][5][6], approaching even 100 Gbps [7] (the four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) scheme was used in the last reference). A good review of this subject can be found in [6] and [8].…”

Complex Waveguide Supermode Analysis of Coherently-Coupled Microcavity Laser Arrays

“…C OHERENTLY coupled 2-element arrays of photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been shown to exhibit novel dynamic properties such as increased small-signal modulation bandwidth [1,2], enhanced digital data transmission [3], and reduced intensity noise and harmonic distortion [4]. When coherently coupled, the photonic crystal VCSEL arrays emit into non-Hermitian supermodes [5] that exhibit beam steering [6] and exceptional points [7].…”

“…When coherently coupled, the photonic crystal VCSEL arrays emit into non-Hermitian supermodes [5] that exhibit beam steering [6] and exceptional points [7]. The enhancements to the modulation performance are attributed to photon-photon resonance effects [3], driven by the field beating of array supermodes.…”