“…Just because their children are familiar with digital devices, many parents expect their children to be proficient enough to enroll in online or electronic learning, which often proves not to be the case (Akçayır, Dündar, & Akçayır, 2016;Kirschner & De Bruyckere, 2017;Nowak, 2019;Yong, Gates, & Harrison, 2016). In this sense, the situation brought about by the covid-19 pandemic has shown more clearly than ever students' lack of digital competence (Iivari, Sharma, & Ventä-Olkkonen, 2020;Tejedor, Cervi, Pérez-Escoda, & Jumbo, 2020).…”