Digital image watermarking based on angle quantization in discrete contourlet transform

RETRACTED: Contourlet transform and adaptive neuro-fuzzy strategy–based color image watermarking

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Literature survey Different digital watermarking techniques are available in literature. Abdulmawla Najih et al 7,14 have proposed discrete contourlet transform combined with quantization modulation index-based digital image watermarking which produces high peak signal-tonoise ratio (PSNR) and high imperceptibility of the watermarked image. Karthigaikumar et al 3,15,20 have proposed FPGA execution of discrete wavelet transformation which establishes the same appearance watermarking process for low power and faster applications.…”

A Robust Image Watermarking Method based on Contourlet Transform for Correcting Geometric Attacks

“…Contourlet transform uses filter bank to generate multi-direction and resolution expansion of an image with the help of contour segments. [11] The block diagram of the filter bank and the frequency division style is shown in Figure 2 (a) and (b) respectively. Contourlet uses second filter bank to obtain smooth contour among images.…”

Digital Color Images Ownership Authentication via Efficient and Robust Watermarking in a Hybrid Domain

“…Finally, this investigation compares the performance of the proposed method with the algorithm based on angle quantization in discrete Contourlet transform developed by Najih, et al [6] in 2016, the algorithm based on the exponent moments invariants in non-subsampled Contourlet transform domain proposed by Xiang-Yang, et al [7] in 2014, the hybrid watermarking based on chaos and histogram modification proposed by Chrysochos et al [16] in 2014, the watermarking to color images based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) developed by Shao-Li. [18] in 2014, the color image watermarking scheme in nonsampled Contourlet-domain proposed by Pan-Pan et al [20] in 2011, and the hybrid robust watermarking for color images proposed by Prathap et al [21] in 2014, under JPEG lossy compression, scaling, cropping, affine transformation, rotation, visual watermark added, image replacement, Gaussian noise and combined distortions.…”

“…Geometric operations such as cropping, removal, rotation, scaling or affine transformation are the principal reasons of this dessynchronization. In the literature, several works are related to robust image watermarking with geometric invariance feature [3][4][5][6][7]. These plans show robustness against rotation and scaling geometric distortions as well as against signal processing operations such as filtering, JPEG compression and among others; because these methods embed the watermark into invariant geometric domains, however, may be typically weak to cropping and removal attacks, affine transformations, and other aggressive distortions.…”

“…These plans show robustness against rotation and scaling geometric distortions as well as against signal processing operations such as filtering, JPEG compression and among others; because these methods embed the watermark into invariant geometric domains, however, may be typically weak to cropping and removal attacks, affine transformations, and other aggressive distortions. Additionally, while several watermarking algorithms have been proposed to watermark gray-scale images [3][4][5][6][7], until nowadays only a few have been designed specifically for color images [8]. The use of color information has become an essential property to steganography and watermarking of image and video [8], [9].…”