“…From ancient times, the topographic structure of land was a key aspect in many decisions. The topography of the land is provably correlated with many other tasks: land-use (Sheikh, Van Loon, and Stroosnijder 2014), soil mapping (Scull et al 2003), soil salinity (Divan and Adriaan 2017), landslides (Prakash, Manconi, and Loew 2020) water floods (Hosseiny, Ghasemian, and Amini 2019), avalanches (Jaedicke, Syre, and Sverdrup-Thygeson 2014) and high solar-energy locations (Heo et al 2020). The techniques for perceiving, collecting, and understanding topography has changed significantly in recent years and today, geographic information systems (GIS) are built on many classical and data-driven algorithms.…”