Digestive Enzyme Activities in the Young Calf

Huber, J.T.; Jacobson, N. L.; Allen, Richard D.; Hartman, Paul A.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(61)89911-6

Cited by 111 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Sucrase and isomaltase appear by the 15th to 21st postnatal day, and attain adult values by the 30th postnatal day (2,3,5). Similar developmental patterns for the disaccharidases have been observed in the intestine of pigs (6), cows (7), and dogs (8) in contrast to the human in whom all of the intestinal disaccharidases are present and active before birth (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Effect of carbohydrate and corticosteroids on activity of α-glucosidases in intestine of the infant rat

Lebenthal¹,

Sunshine²,

Kretchmer³

1972

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T The activities of intestinal sucrase and isomaltase are not detectable in rats before 15-16 days of age, but administration of corticosteroids precociously induces the activities of these two a-glucosidases. 9-day old rats were removed from their mothers, warmed in an incubator, and fed by constant infusion through gastrostomies. The basic diet was a soya preparation to which various sugars were added. When the diet contained 2% sucrose, diarrhea ensued for 48 hr, but subsided when intestinal sucrase and isomaltase appeared precociously. In animals fed sucrose, the activities of sucrase and isomaltase were markedly increased as compared to animals on carbohydrate-free diets (sucrase 2.41±0.23 vs. 0.63± 0.13 U, isomaltase 3.43±0.42 vs. 0.78+0.18 U). Maltase activity was doubled, while lactase was not altered significantly. The mitotic index of crypt cells, the depth of crypts, and incorporation of thymidine-3H into DNA were increased. In adrenalectomized rats, activities of sucrase and isomaltase were not detected nor induced by sucrose. Steroids given to adrenalectomized rats caused appearance of the enzymes; but if cortisone and sucrose were given together, there was synergism evidenced by a marked increase in activities (sucrase 7.2± 1.1 vs. 0.68±0.12 U). In contrast to observations in adult animals, the effect of sucrose on a-glucosidases in developing animals demands the participation -of the adrenal gland. INTRODUCTIONLactase is very active in the intestine of the newborn rat, but then gradually decreases so that by the end of the suckling period the activity is very low (1-4). In contrast, the activities of the intestinal a-glucosidases are either very low (maltase) or undetectable (sucrase and isomaltase) during the early suckling period (2, 3, 5). Sucrase and isomaltase appear by the 15th to 21st postnatal day, and attain adult values by the 30th postnatal day (2, 3, 5). Similar developmental patterns for the disaccharidases have been observed in the intestine of pigs (6), cows (7), and dogs (8) in contrast to the human in whom all of the intestinal disaccharidases are present and active before birth (9-11).Precocious development of intestinal sucrase and isomaltase in rats can be stimulated by injection of corticosteroids before the time these enzymes would normally appear (5). Simultaneously with these biochemical changes, the morphology of the intestine is altered so that it displays a more mature histological appearance, similar to that found in the adult animal (3).Recently it was observed that when adult humans were fed high concentrations of sucrose, there was an increase in the activities of intestinal sucrase and maltase (12). Likewise, when elevated dietary carbohydrate was fed to fasted adult rats for 24 hr, there was a twofold increase in the activities of sucrase and maltase (13,14). Neither adrenalectomy nor administration of steroids had an effect on the activities of the disaccharidases in the adult animal (14).In the present investigation, we have utilized the suckling ra...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Effect of carbohydrate and corticosteroids on activity of α-glucosidases in intestine of the infant rat

Lebenthal¹,

Sunshine²,

Kretchmer³

1972

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Sucrase activity could not be detected in the intestine and measured levels of pancreatic amylase were considerably lower than in monogastric animals. (Huber, Jacobson, Allen & Hartman, 1961 ;Siddons, 1968a,b). The inference from these findings that sucrose and starch are not utilized is at variance with the results of digestion trials which indicate appreciable utilization of these sugars (Morrill, Jacobson, McGilliard & Hotchkiss, 1965 ;Huber, Natrajan & Polan, 1968).…”

Section: Dkestion and Absorption Of Individual Nutrients Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Garton, 1969). Lipase is secreted in the pancreatic juice of the young calf; the levels of activity are high at birth and may double during the first weeks of life (Huber, Jacobson, Allen & Hartman, 1961). A second lipase, pre-gastric esterase, released in the oral secretions of the pre-ruminant calf (Ramsey & Young, 1961), appears to act in the abomasum in a manner similar to that of pancrcatic lipase in the small intestine (Siewert & Otterby, 1968) and, by cleaving butyric acid and smaller amounts of higher fatty acids from milk fat, causes the accumulation of free fatty acids in abomasal contents.…”

Section: Fatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestion in the pre-ruminant animal

Porter¹

1969

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The fore-stomachs of ruminant animals do not develop fully and assumc their characteristic digestive functions until the young animal begins to eat substantial quantities of solid food. When young calves consume liquid feed nearly all of it by-passes the reticulo-rumen and passes through the omasum into the abomasum as a result of the reflex closure of the oesophageal groove. The subsequent course of events during digestion in the abomasum and small intestinc has for long been regarded as being closely parallel to that in the stomach and intestines of monogastric animals. However, recent more detailed investigations of the processes of digestion have shown that the digestive capabilities and the development of digestive function in pre-ruminant animals differ in several respects from those in other young animals.Efficient digestion and utilization of nutrients require that food pass at a suitable rate through an alimentary tract endowed with appropriate enzymes and absorptive mechanisms that will allow hydrolysis of complex molecules and absorption of the products. T h e passage into the lower gut of undigested or unabsorbed food residues provides a substrate for undesirable bacterial growth and may lead to diarrhoea.The digestive system of all young mammals is well adapted to the digestion of milk, and young pre-ruminant animals use the fat, protein and carbohydrate from milk with the same remarkable efficiency as do the young of other species. However, when nutrients are supplied from sources other than milk, it will be seen that certain digestive abilities of the pre-ruminant animal are found to be more limited, and either not to develop or to develop more slowly than those of other mammals.

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“…In addition, much of the published work referred to in vitro analyses of the proteolytic activity of abomasal homogenates at low pH, which may have little relevance to the actual conditions of secretion into the abomasum at birth (see e.g. Huber, Jacobsen, Allen & Hartman, 1961).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteolytic activity during the absorption of [¹³¹I]γ‐globulin in the new‐born calf

Hardy¹

1969

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Proteolytic activity within the small intestine of unsuckled calves less than 20 hr of age, anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone, has been assessed from the break-down of [131I]bovine serum y-globulin infused into the duodenum.2. Absorption of [131I]y-globulin was measured by analysis of venous blood, the levels of radioactivity attained in which were comparable with those when [131I]PVP K.60 (mean mol.wt. 160,000) was administered. When lymph collected from the thoracic duct during the absorption of [131I]y-globulin was injected into the femoral vein, the levels of radioactivity in the blood were close to those expected if the labelled material in the lymph had been retained within the plasma. These observations suggested that [131I]y-globulin was absorbed into the circulation of the anaesthetized young calf without significant break-down.3. Gel-filtration of lymph and plasma from calves fed [13I]y-globulin has confirmed that proteolysis before and during absorption was slight, since little 131I labelled material of low mol.wt. was found.4. Gel-filtration of the contents of the alimentary tract from calves fed [1311]y-globulin showed that some hydrolysis occurred in the abomasum and duodenum and that this was reduced by barbiturate anaesthesia. Protein break-down in the terminal ileum was slight both in the conscious animal and in animals anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone.

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Digestive Enzyme Activities in the Young Calf

Cited by 111 publications

References 16 publications

Effect of carbohydrate and corticosteroids on activity of α-glucosidases in intestine of the infant rat

Effect of carbohydrate and corticosteroids on activity of α-glucosidases in intestine of the infant rat

Digestion in the pre-ruminant animal

Proteolytic activity during the absorption of [¹³¹I]γ‐globulin in the new‐born calf

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Digestive Enzyme Activities in the Young Calf

Cited by 111 publications

References 16 publications

Effect of carbohydrate and corticosteroids on activity of α-glucosidases in intestine of the infant rat

Effect of carbohydrate and corticosteroids on activity of α-glucosidases in intestine of the infant rat

Digestion in the pre-ruminant animal

Proteolytic activity during the absorption of [131I]γ‐globulin in the new‐born calf

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Product

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Proteolytic activity during the absorption of [¹³¹I]γ‐globulin in the new‐born calf