Diffusion of the Intravenous Technique Among Narcotic Addicts in the United States

O'Donnell, John A.; Jones, Judith P.

doi:10.2307/2948330

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…[1][2][3] Nevertheless, interest in the diversity of ways heroin is ingested has grown in recent decades. [4][5][6] Injection and intranasal use, or sniffing, are the most prevalent routes of heroin use in the United States today.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occasional heroin users can be differentiated from heroin addicts as persons who have not reached that level of commitment, and heroin injection has been considered a final measure of involvement in the drug addict subculture. 1 Stephens also emphasizes that pre-existing cultural circumstances may facilitate the transition into the street addict role. As a result, the street addict role theory could be useful in identifying those heroin users whose cultural context makes them likely to become street addicts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors Associated with the Transition with Transition to Heroin Injection: A Street Addict Role Perspective

Sánchez

Chitwood²,

Koo³

2006

J Urban Health

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The purpose of this paper is to identify characteristics of heroin sniffers likely to shift to injection by evaluating the street addict role theory as an informing theoretical framework to explain transition from heroin sniffing to injection. A nested case-control research design was used to identify 142 heroin sniffers who never had injected a drug (controls) and 146 recently transitioned injection drug users (cases) from a larger study of 600 African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women who were street recruited from multiple communities known for high drug use. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the proposed hypotheses derived from the street addict role theory. Our findings partially support the utility of the street addict role perspective as an explanatory framework for understanding the role played by sociocultural factors in the transition to injection. This perspective can help contextualize this HIV-related behavior within the high risk social environment of heroin users. The development of effective prevention strategies for this group should be guided by a comprehensive understanding of the social environment where HIV-related risk behaviors occur.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated with the Transition with Transition to Heroin Injection: A Street Addict Role Perspective

Sánchez

Chitwood²,

Koo³

2006

J Urban Health

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“…The present-day risk environment of drug use and addictive behaviours is, however, much more dynamic and fast-paced than in previous decades (Katz, Levin, & Hamilton, 1963;O'Donnell & Jones, 1968;Parker, Bakx, & Newcombe, 1988;Nabben, Benschop, & Korf, 2012) …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Academic education in addictology (addiction science) in the Czech Republic: Analysis of the (pre-1989) historical origins

Miovský¹,

Miller

Grund

et al. 2015

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

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BACKGROUND -In the Czech Republic, education in addiction science consists of a distinctive and interconnected system of non-medical healthcare education on the Bachelor's (Bc) and Master's (MA) levels, followed by a doctoral study programme (PhD). Addictology (addiction science) as a new term is defined as a distinct and independent field of scientific inquiry on addictive behaviours and the risk environment of substance use, aiming at scientific and professional excellence relevant to society. AIMS -This case study seeks to identify, describe and explain important events in shaping the historical context of the Czech education and research programmes in addictology. DESIGN -The historical review is based on qualitative content analysis of central written documents. RESULTS -In the 19th century Czech territory, problematic alcohol use was addressed through self-help activities in the second half of the nineteenth century. During the 1950s and 1960s, a new generation of Czech psychiatrists emerged with an interest in alcohol treatment and in research of hallucinogenic drugs. A patient education bulletin Apolinářský zápisník [Apolinar Diary] was launched in 1951 and was later also used for education of treatment professionals in connection with other self-help and quasi-self-help activities. The monographs Alkoholism (1957) and Toxicomany (1973) conceptualised the core of abstinence-oriented historical traditions and developments. A separation of approaches to legal and illegal drugs can be observed in the 1970s. In 1967, a new and intensive training model was introduced for psychiatrists and psychotherapists, leading into specialisation in psychotherapy and addiction. Because of the Iron Curtain, Czech practitioners had to develop their own concept of addiction and ideas on training psychotherapists so they could not be labelled western or anti-state, or be subject to intense state control. CONCLUSIONS -The final profile of the study programmes is the outcome of a long-term process that commenced in the 1950s but with roots in the interwar years, when addictology in the Czech Republic reflected traditional healthcare-oriented models of training and education. In this context the historical development in Czecholovakia and later Czech Relpublic can be characterized as a combination of early interest in self-help activities followed by the development of specialized treatment programmes both affected by a futher 40 years behind the "iron curtain" and intensively confrontated with harm and risk reducation interventions after the Velvet revolution.

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“…O'Donnell and Jones (1968) and Agar (1973) argued that drug injection was a defining mark of a street drug subculture. Some years later, Page, Chitwood et al (1990); ; Calsyn et al (1991); Booth et al (1993); and Koester (1994) also concluded from their ethnographic and survey research that individuals in the street drug addict role focused on the use of injection equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some years later, Page, Chitwood et al (1990); ; Calsyn et al (1991); Booth et al (1993); and Koester (1994) also concluded from their ethnographic and survey research that individuals in the street drug addict role focused on the use of injection equipment. The behavior patterns noted by these researchers exist for a variety of reasons, some historical (O'Donnell and Jones 1968), some legal (Koester 1994), and some related to cultural processes (Agar 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection drug users’ practices and attitudes toward intervention and potential for reducing the transmission of HIV

McCoy

Metsch

Page

et al. 1997

Medical Anthropology

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Miami is one of the major centers of illegal drug activity and has a significant proportion of AIDS cases among injection drug users (IDUs). Since Needle Exchange Programs (NEP) are illegal and therefore do not exist in the state of Florida, other strategies must play a large role in reducing the transmission of HIV among IDUs. In order to effectively communicate with IDUs about needle safety, it is necessary to understand the practices and culture of IDUs, including where and how the needle/syringes are obtained and used. Data from recent studies conducted in Miami and other local sites indicate that IDUs inject frequently, averaging more than 1,000 per year, per person. While the vast majority of IDUs feel it is very important to clean needles and to use a needle only one time, these sentiments are not always practiced. Furthermore, data indicate that the context where shooting takes place must be considered in the planning of HIV risk reduction interventions. These findings suggest the importance of understanding patterns of drug use, attitudes toward intervention, and the cultural context where risky behaviors occur. Although Needle Exchange Programs are illegal in Florida, intervention programs must still stress the importance of using only new needles, but since new needles cannot always be obtained, IDUs should be taught and motivated not to use contaminated drug paraphernalia.

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Diffusion of the Intravenous Technique Among Narcotic Addicts in the United States

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Risk Factors Associated with the Transition with Transition to Heroin Injection: A Street Addict Role Perspective

Risk Factors Associated with the Transition with Transition to Heroin Injection: A Street Addict Role Perspective

Academic education in addictology (addiction science) in the Czech Republic: Analysis of the (pre-1989) historical origins

Injection drug users’ practices and attitudes toward intervention and potential for reducing the transmission of HIV

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