Diffusion kinetics, swelling, and degradation of corrosion-resistant C-glass/epoxy woven composites in harsh environments

Tanks, Jonathon; Arao, Yoshihiko; Kubouchi, Masatoshi

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.078

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Epoxy-coating carbon steel and stainless steel reinforcing products are obvious alternatives, but fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are becoming more frequently adopted as so-called “corrosion-resistant” concrete reinforcement materials due to their excellent mechanical properties, low density, and resistance to galvanic corrosion [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Numerous studies on FRP for structural reinforcement are reported every year, covering topics such as environmental durability [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] and material mechanics [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Static, Creep, and Fatigue Tensile Behavior of Basalt Fiber/Polypropylene Composite Rods for Passive Concrete Reinforcement

2021

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are becoming more frequently adopted as so-called “corrosion-resistant” concrete reinforcement materials due to their excellent mechanical properties and formability. However, their long-term reliability must be thoroughly investigated in order to understand failure mechanisms and to develop service life models. This study is on the mechanical properties of a prototype basalt fiber-reinforced polypropylene (BFPP) rod under quasi-static and sustained loading. Static strength and modulus at elevated temperatures do not decrease significantly, but the variability in strength increases with temperature, as shown by a Weibull analysis. Creep behavior is typical of unidirectional FRP, where the creep rupture strength follows a power law. Fatigue at various stress ratios R reveals the sensitivity of composite strength to the matrix damage, which increases at lower values of R (i.e., higher stress amplitudes). These results are discussed in the context of service life and concrete structure design guidelines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Static, Creep, and Fatigue Tensile Behavior of Basalt Fiber/Polypropylene Composite Rods for Passive Concrete Reinforcement

2021

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“…The 0 • oriented fibres when exposed to acid and alkaline solutions showed values of flexural strength that were around 24.5% and 29.6% lower than that of the control group with the same fibre orientation, and the bending modulus decreased to about 11.2% and 18.7%, respectively. Physical and chemical reactions promoted by exposure to these solutions affect the matrix (chains scission) and the Polymers 2020, 12, 20 5 of 12 interfacial fibre/matrix bond strength [19][20][21][22][23], which accelerates the failure mechanisms described above and, consequently, changes its mechanical properties. While the physical reactions caused embrittlement, the chemical one produced irreversible degradation of the molecular structure [17].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fibre Orientation and Hostile Solutions on Stress Relaxation of Glass/Polyamide Composites

2019

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Polyamide creates high-performance composite materials, which are replacing the traditional epoxy composites in several applications. In this context, exposure to hostile environments is expected. On the other hand, due to the viscoelastic nature of the matrix, these composite materials are prone to stress relaxation. Therefore, the stress relaxation behaviour of glass/polyamide 6 composites was studied considering different fibre directions, as well as exposure to NaOH and HCl solutions. Stress relaxation tests on the bending mode were carried out, and the stress recorded during the loading time (7200 s). All tests were characterized by a stress decrease over time, but laminates with higher fibre angles were more prone to stress relaxation. However, exposure to hostile solutions promoted more significant decreases, where the highest stress relaxation was achieved for alkaline environments with values that were three times higher for laminates with fibres at 0 • and around one and half times higher for 45 • fibre alignments when compared with the control samples. Finally, the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) model showed that it can be used to predict stress relaxation time, due to the accuracy that was obtained between the experimental and theoretical results. Polymers 2020, 12, 20 2 of 12On the other hand, in terms of corrosive environments (alkaline and acidic solutions), the literature is much more abundant with respect to thermoset composites than thermoplastics. For instance, studies developed by Stamenovic et al. [11] in glass-polyester composites demonstrated that alkaline solutions are responsible for the decrease of tensile strength and elastic modulus, because they are highly corrosive, whereas the opposite tendency occurs when these composites are exposed to acid solutions. However, for both solutions, the changes observed are very dependent on the pH value and exposure time. Feng et al. [12] studied the effect of different solutions (H 2 SO 4 , NaCl and NaOH) on glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP)/epoxy composites and observed a decrease in hardness, flexural strength and elastic modulus, and this trend is even higher for higher concentrations. Moreover, Amaro et al. [13] analysed the effect of alkaline (NaOH) and acid (HCl) solutions on the flexural properties of these composites, and the worst bending properties were obtained when the glass/epoxy composites were exposed to NaOH solutions. The effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) was also compared by these authors, and the HCl solution was responsible for the poorest results [14]. Similar conclusions were also obtained by Kamal and Kadhim [15] on nano-silica-reinforced (glass/Kevlar) fabric polyester hybrid composites, due to the higher corrosive effect of alkaline solutions. Finally, the effects of strong acids (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 and H 3 PO 4 ) on mechanical properties of glass/polyester glass-reinforced pipes (GRP) at normal and high temperatures were evaluated by Mahmoud and Tantawi [16]. They observed significan...

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“…Swelling leads to deformation of structure and hydrolysis leads to direct failure. However, corrosive chemicals lead to bleaching of fiberglass reinforcement [8,10]. In order to avoid these degradations, an in situ embedded sensor is critical to monitor the diffusion of aggressive chemicals into the composite [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, studies on the effect of aggressive chemicals on composites are based on weight and volume measurement. In conjunction with Fickian diffusion modeling, this approach helps in understanding the diffusion mechanism [10]. However, these methods are not effective in terms of time, convenience and cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Durability sensor using low concentration carbon nano additives

Liu

Lafdi

Chinesta

2020

Composites Science and Technology

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In this paper, nanocomposite durability sensors were developed in order to detect the diffusion of chemicals in real-time. Polymer nanocomposite based sensors usually consist of conductive nano-additives such as CNT (carbon nanotube), graphene, carbon black, silver nanoparticles, etc. However, these nanocomposite sensors use a high content of nanomaterials to ensure good conductivity. In this study, a special approach for a chemical sensor with a low concentration (0.1 wt%-2 wt%) carbon nano-additive was carried out and tested in the 1[M] H 3 PO 4 solution. Responding time and electrical resistance of each stage were analyzed against the nano-additives' concentration. The sensing behavior is represented by the decrease of electrical resistance from 100 MΩ level to 100 Ω level. A numerical multi-stage model was developed to evaluate the formation of the conductive network and its sensing property. The modeling work shows two major parameters affect the sensing behavior:(1) The aspect ratio of conductive nano-additive. (2) Diffusion coefficient ratio of different ions in different phases.

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Diffusion kinetics, swelling, and degradation of corrosion-resistant C-glass/epoxy woven composites in harsh environments

Cited by 24 publications

References 24 publications

Characterization of the Static, Creep, and Fatigue Tensile Behavior of Basalt Fiber/Polypropylene Composite Rods for Passive Concrete Reinforcement

Characterization of the Static, Creep, and Fatigue Tensile Behavior of Basalt Fiber/Polypropylene Composite Rods for Passive Concrete Reinforcement

Effect of Fibre Orientation and Hostile Solutions on Stress Relaxation of Glass/Polyamide Composites

Durability sensor using low concentration carbon nano additives

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