Diffusion-free Grotthuss topochemistry for high-rate and long-life proton batteries

A High‐Rate and Long‐Life Aqueous Rechargeable Ammonium Zinc Hybrid Battery

“…An energy density of 81.7 Wh kg À1 at of 286 Wkg À1 on the basis of the cathode and anode active weighsc an be obtained at 0.25 Ag À1 (Figure 5a). Thep ractical energy density will be smaller.T he energy density of Zn//Na-FeHCFARAHBi ss uperior to those of reported ammonium-ion batteries andm any aqueous hybrid batteries, such as Zn//Na 0.95 MnO 2 (Zn/Na, 78 Wh kg À1 ), [10d] NaTi 2 (PO4) 3 //Na 2 FeFe(CN) 6 (Na/NH 4 ,3 8Whkg À1 ), [12] NaTi 2 (PO4) 3 //K 2 FeFe(CN) 6 (Na/K,6 9.6 Wh kg À1 ), [14] TiP 2 O 7 // NiZnHCF (K/Li, 46 Wh kg À1 ), [15] TiP 2 O 7 //Na 0.44 MnO 2 (Na/Li, 25 Wh kg À1 ), [16] and NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 //Mn 3 O 4 (Na/Mg, 47 Wh kg À1 ). It exists in the charged state instead of the discharged state as in lithium-ion batteries.…”

“…[11] In 1 m ZnSO 4 electrolyte, there is reversible insertion of Zn 2 + into the Na-FeHCF electrode at around 0.7 V. Compared with the CV curve of the Na-FeHCFe lectrode in 1 m (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ,a dding 20 mm ZnSO 4 to the electrolyte leads to ac urve with an analogous shape and as light change in the positiono fa ll redox peaks, which indicates that Zn 2 + in the electrolyte would not affect the NH 4 + -ion (de)intercalation ( Figure S3). [12] The CV comparisono fN a-FeHCF electrodes in highly diluted H 2 SO 4 (pH % 5.4) and in the mixed electrolyte is showni nF igure S6. According to these results, the Na-FeHCF electrode has as elective ion channel for NH 4 + ion storage.…”

Initiating Hexagonal MoO3 for Superb‐Stable and Fast NH4+ Storage Based on Hydrogen Bond Chemistry

“…Nonmetallic cations, e.g., proton (H + ), hydronium (H 3 O + ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ) ions, have rarely been regarded as charge carriers in aqueous battery chemistry for research and commercial applications, [ 1–3 ] where the mainstream attention located at the metal cations, such as Li + , Na + , Zn 2+ , and Al 3+ ions. [ 4–8 ] Most recently, Ji and co‐workers have pioneeringly reported several typical aqueous batteries utilizing H + and NH 4 + as charging carriers with outstanding electrochemical performance, especially for the ultrafast kinetics with high power density.…”

“…[ 4–8 ] Most recently, Ji and co‐workers have pioneeringly reported several typical aqueous batteries utilizing H + and NH 4 + as charging carriers with outstanding electrochemical performance, especially for the ultrafast kinetics with high power density. [ 1,9 ] It could be ascribed to (1) nondiffusion‐controlled topochemistry between nonmetallic charging carriers and electrode framework during insertion/extraction process, resulting in pseudocapacitive‐dominated behavior; [ 1,9 ] (2) the lower molar mass and smaller hydrated ionic size of such non‐metallic charging carriers, which could result in fast diffusion in aqueous electrolytes. [ 1,10 ] Additionally, the intrinsic safety of aqueous battery and the earth abundant elements of nonmetallic charge carrier would serve as a competitive energy storage candidate to meet safe and cheap application requirements, such as newly‐boosting wearable and flexible battery, grid‐level stationary application.…”

“…[ 1,9 ] It could be ascribed to (1) nondiffusion‐controlled topochemistry between nonmetallic charging carriers and electrode framework during insertion/extraction process, resulting in pseudocapacitive‐dominated behavior; [ 1,9 ] (2) the lower molar mass and smaller hydrated ionic size of such non‐metallic charging carriers, which could result in fast diffusion in aqueous electrolytes. [ 1,10 ] Additionally, the intrinsic safety of aqueous battery and the earth abundant elements of nonmetallic charge carrier would serve as a competitive energy storage candidate to meet safe and cheap application requirements, such as newly‐boosting wearable and flexible battery, grid‐level stationary application. [ 6,11,12 ] Thus, inspired by the outstanding performance, it is promising to develop batteries based on charge carriers as nonmetallic cations.…”