Diffusion Characteristics of <scp><scp>Zr</scp></scp><sup>4+</sup> in <scp><scp>LiNbO</scp></scp><sub>3</sub> Single‐Crystal

Zhang, De‐Long; Qiu, Cong-Xian; Zhang, Wenzhu; Hua, Ping-Rang; Yu, Dao-Yin; Pun, Edwin Yue-Bun

doi:10.1111/jace.12553

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It increases by almost one order of magnitude with a rise of temperature from 1030°C to 1130°C. Comparison shows that the Sc 3+ diffusivity is definitely lower than that of Zr 4+ ion, which is ~0.43 μm 2 /h at 1060°C …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Diffusion Properties of Scandium in Lithium Niobate Crystal

et al. 2014

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Diffusion properties of Sc3+ in LiNbO3 crystal were studied, together with other two related issues: Sc3+‐doping effect on LiNbO3 refractive index and Li2O out‐diffusion arising from Sc3+ in‐diffusion. To reach the goal, some Sc3+‐doped LiNbO3 crystal plates were prepared by in‐diffusion of Sc2O3 film coated onto Z‐cut congruent substrates in air at different temperatures ranging from 1030°C to 1130°C. After diffusion, the refractive indices at the doped and undoped parts of surface were measured by prism coupling technique and the surface composition was evaluated from the measured index. The results show that the Sc3+ doping has little contribution to the substrate index and the Li2O out‐diffusion is not measurable. The Sc3+ profile was analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Some characteristic parameters such as temperature‐dependent diffusivity, diffusion constant, activation energy, and surface concentration are obtained. The Sc3+/Ti4+ co‐diffusion characteristics were also studied. Comparison shows that in the single‐diffusion case, the Sc3+ diffusivity is considerably smaller than the Ti4+ diffusivity. In the Sc3+/Ti4+ co‐diffusion case, the Ti4+ co‐diffusion results in substantial increase in Sc3+ diffusivity while the Ti4+ diffusivity changing little. The diffusion characteristics are qualitatively explained. The Ti4+‐assisted Sc3+ diffusion would be utilizable in shortening the fabrication period of an optical‐damage‐resistant Ti‐diffused LiNbO3 waveguide doped with Sc3+, and some considerations for the fabrication are given.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The diffusion property is the basic knowledge for device design and performance optimization. In the earlier work, we have reported the diffusion properties of tetravalent transition metal ion Zr 4+ in the LN . It is unclear if the trivalent rare‐earth Sc 3+ shows the different diffusion characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion Properties of Scandium in Lithium Niobate Crystal

et al. 2014

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“…The diffusion characteristics are basic knowledge required for device design and fabrication. In an earlier work, we have reported the knowledge in the case of Zr 4+ ‐only diffusion . For the Ti 4+ and Zr 4+ codiffusion case, it remains unclear if the mutual influence of the two ions takes place in the diffusion procedure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In an earlier work, we have reported the knowledge in the case of Zr 4+ -only diffusion. 10 For the Ti 4+ and Zr 4+ codiffusion case, it remains unclear if the mutual influence of the two ions takes place in the diffusion procedure. It is thus essential to carry out an independent, systematic study on the codiffusion characteristics of Zr 4+ and Ti 4+ in the LN crystal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zr⁴⁺/Ti⁴⁺ Codiffusion Characteristics in Lithium Niobate

Zhang

Qiu

et al. 2014

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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Zr4+/Ti4+‐codoped LiNbO3 plates were prepared by local codiffusion of stacked ZrO2 and Ti metal films coated onto Z‐cut congruent LiNbO3 substrates in wet O2 at 1060°C. The metal and oxide films have different thicknesses and coating sequences. After diffusion, the Zr4+ doping effect on the refractive index of LiNbO3 and the Li2O out‐diffusion issue were studied by the prism coupling technique. The codiffusion characteristics of Zr4+ and Ti4+ were studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results show that the Zr4+ doping has little contribution to the refractive index of the crystal. Li2O out‐diffusion is not measurable. In the Zr4+‐only diffusion case, the diffusivity of Zr4+ is four times smaller than that of Ti4+. In the Zr4+/Ti4+ codiffusion case, the Ti4+ codiffusion assists the Zr4+ diffusion. The Zr4+ diffusivity increases linearly by two more times with the increase in initial Ti film thickness from 0 to 200 nm. On the other hand, the Zr4+ affects the Ti4+ diffusion little. Neither the ZrO2 film thickness nor the coating sequence of Ti metal and ZrO2 oxide films influences the diffusivity of the two ions. All the codiffusion characteristics are explained. A Zr4+/Ti4+ codiffusion model is suggested that consists of two independent diffusion equations with a Zr4+ diffusivity dependent of Ti4+ concentration and a constant Ti4+ diffusivity. In addition, the existence of a waveguide in the Zr4+/Ti4+‐codoped layer is verified experimentally, and the optical‐damage‐resistant feature of the waveguide is verified by two‐beam hologram recording experimental results.

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“…To fabricate a device with optimized performance, it is crucial to have the knowledge of diffusion properties. For the LN crystal, a number of papers have been published to report the diffusion properties of rare-earth ions (Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , Sc 3+ ) [15][16][17][18][19][20] and transition metal ion Zr 4+ [21]. For the LT crystal, however, the relevant knowledge could not be found yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Er3+ diffusion in LiTaO3 crystal

Zhang

Wong

et al. 2015

Applied Surface Science

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Diffusion Characteristics of Zr⁴⁺ in LiNbO₃ Single‐Crystal

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Diffusion Properties of Scandium in Lithium Niobate Crystal

Diffusion Properties of Scandium in Lithium Niobate Crystal

Zr⁴⁺/Ti⁴⁺ Codiffusion Characteristics in Lithium Niobate

Er3+ diffusion in LiTaO3 crystal

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Diffusion Characteristics of Zr4+ in LiNbO3 Single‐Crystal

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Diffusion Properties of Scandium in Lithium Niobate Crystal

Diffusion Properties of Scandium in Lithium Niobate Crystal

Zr4+/Ti4+ Codiffusion Characteristics in Lithium Niobate

Er3+ diffusion in LiTaO3 crystal

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Product

Resources

About

Diffusion Characteristics of Zr⁴⁺ in LiNbO₃ Single‐Crystal

Zr⁴⁺/Ti⁴⁺ Codiffusion Characteristics in Lithium Niobate