Differentiation of wild-type varicella-zoster strains from India and the Oka vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame - 62 based PCR-RFLP technique

Kaushik, Karishma S.; Lahiri, Kunal Kanti; Kapila, K; Kumar, Satish; Gupta, R.M.; Karade, Santosh

doi:10.1590/s1413-86702008000400011

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Molecular detection methodologies are rarely needed for confirmation of VZV diagnosis. Therefore, only a few studies describing the VZV strain circulation pattern in India are available (Kaushik et al., 2008; Biswas et al., 2011; Chow et al., 2013). The studies were carried out to understand whether the strains circulating in three different states differed from the vaccine strain (Oka strain, Japan).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinico-epidemiological investigation on Varicella Zoster Virus indicates multiple clade circulation in Maharashtra state, India

Sahay

Yadav

Majumdar

et al. 2018

Heliyon

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BackgroundVaricella Zoster Virus (VZV) is consistently in circulation and shows an increase in disease burden during the spring season. Due to a wide range of clinical presentation from a vesicular rash to bleeding or neurological complications, it makes the clinical diagnosis difficult. The present study aims to understand whether the same strain of virus is responsible for the increase in the seasonal outbreaks occurring in different parts of the country with reference to the samples from Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India.Materials and methodsThis study reports the clinico-epidemiological and laboratory findings of suspected Varicella cases. To understand the circulating clade few representative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive were analyzed by conventional PCR and partial Open Reading Frame (ORF) 22, partial ORF 38 and partial ORF 54 were sequenced to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for clade determination. Further partial glycoprotein B gene was sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was generated.ResultsA total of 50 cases from Maharashtra (Mumbai district) and referred clinical samples of Rajasthan (Barmer district; n = 12) and Gujarat States (Gandhi Nagar, Surat districts; n = 17) were tested for the presence of VZV. Vesicular rash with fever was a common clinical presentation with 82% cases having contact history with VZV positive cases, suggesting higher secondary attack rate. The vesicular fluid of all 50 cases from Mumbai revealed the presence of VZV by real-time PCR. Urine, serum and throat swab samples showed positivity by real-time PCR. Healthcare provider's samples from Rajasthan showed 36.4% [4/11] positivity. Clinical samples from Gujarat had positivity of 41.2% [7/17].ConclusionsThis study analyses the clade based circulation of VZV in three states in India and suggests different clades circulating in Maharashtra state. Health education amongst the general population is suggested to reduce the secondary cases by early diagnosis, effective isolation policies and vaccination to reduce the burden of disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinico-epidemiological investigation on Varicella Zoster Virus indicates multiple clade circulation in Maharashtra state, India

Sahay

Yadav

Majumdar

et al. 2018

Heliyon

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“…Efforts to develop a vaccine that lacks the adverse events associated with Oka and is unable to establish latency have been based primarily on subunit vaccines consisting of recombinant viral glycoproteins , plasmid expression vectors , and viral vector vaccines . Although some have proven safe and immunogenic in animal models and a small number of human subjects, there are currently no data on their progression to clinical trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compiled using data from [135] [100,101] and present in all vOka haplotypes from varicella and zoster rashes [99,100,156,157]. As all three of these sites in ORF 62 were deemed equally robust at discriminating between vOka and wild type, some laboratories often only characterize one, either alone or in combination with the BglI and PstI sites [119,[166][167][168]. However, recent analysis of these three loci in Varivax-derived ORF 62 TA clones detected the wild-type allele on 2% of clones at position 107252 and on 6% of clones at 106262 and 108111 [100,169].…”

Section: Mutations Responsible For Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and molecular aspects of the live attenuated Oka varicella vaccine

Quinlivan

Breuer

2014

Reviews in Medical Virology

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VZV is a ubiquitous member of the Herpesviridae family that causes varicella (chicken pox) and herpes zoster (shingles). Both manifestations can cause great morbidity and mortality and are therefore of significant economic burden. The introduction of varicella vaccination as part of childhood immunization programs has resulted in a remarkable decline in varicella incidence, and associated hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in the USA. The vaccine preparation, vOka, is a live attenuated virus produced by serial passage of a wild-type clinical isolate termed pOka in human and guinea pig cell lines. Although vOka is clinically attenuated, it can cause mild varicella, establish latency, and reactivate to cause herpes zoster. Sequence analysis has shown that vOka differs from pOka by at least 42 loci; however, not all genomes possess the novel vOka change at all positions, creating a heterogeneous population of genetically distinct haplotypes. This, together with the extreme cell-associated nature of VZV replication in cell culture and the lack of an animal model, in which the complete VZV life cycle can be replicated, has limited studies into the molecular basis for vOka attenuation. Comparative studies of vOka with pOka replication in T cells, dorsal root ganglia, and skin indicate that attenuation likely involves multiple mutations within ORF 62 and several other genes. This article presents an overview of the clinical aspects of the vaccine and current progress on understanding the molecular mechanisms that account for the clinical phenotype of reduced virulence.

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“…Characterisation of wt VZV and the Oka vaccine strains can be achieved only by molecular genotyping methods. In previous studies, the genotypic differentiations of vOka from wt VZV strains were based mainly on SNPs 69349 in ORF38 [17,18] or 105705 or 106262 in ORF62 [19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, a number of studies have shown that vOka vaccine preparations contain a mixture of virus strains leading to the recommendation that a set of four-markers in ORF62 should be used for diagnostic differentiation of wt VZV and vaccine-type VZV [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiation between wild-type and vaccines strains of varicella zoster virus (VZV) based on four single nucleotide polymorphisms

Maple

et al. 2017

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection (chickenpox) results in latency and subsequent reactivation manifests as shingles. Effective attenuated vaccines (vOka) are available for prevention of both illnesses. In this study, an amplicon-based sequencing method capable of differentiating between VZV wild-type (wt) strains and vOka vaccine is described. A total of 44 vesicular fluid specimens collected from 43 patients (16 from China and 27 from the UK) with either chickenpox or shingles were investigated, of which 10 had received previous vaccination. Four sets of polymerase chain reactions were set up simultaneously with primers amplifying regions encompassing four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), '69349-106262-107252-108111'. Nucleotide sequences were generated by Sanger sequencing. All samples except one had a wt SNP profile of 'A-T-T-T'. The sample collected from a patient who received vaccine 7-10 days ago, along with VZV vaccine preparations, Zostavax and Baike-varicella gave a SNP profile 'G-C-C-C'. The results show that this method can distinguish vaccine-derived virus from wt viruses from main four clades, (clades 1-4) and should be of utility worldwide.

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Differentiation of wild-type varicella-zoster strains from India and the Oka vaccine strain using a VZV open reading frame - 62 based PCR-RFLP technique

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Clinico-epidemiological investigation on Varicella Zoster Virus indicates multiple clade circulation in Maharashtra state, India

Clinico-epidemiological investigation on Varicella Zoster Virus indicates multiple clade circulation in Maharashtra state, India

Clinical and molecular aspects of the live attenuated Oka varicella vaccine

Differentiation between wild-type and vaccines strains of varicella zoster virus (VZV) based on four single nucleotide polymorphisms

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