Differentiation of Composition C-4 Based on the Analysis of the Process Oil

Reardon, Michelle R.; Bender, Edward C.

doi:10.1520/jfs2004307

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Nitration of alcohols and polyols in liquid CO 2 or freonm edia.Adapted from Refs. [172] HMX (VOD % 9110 ms À1 , d = 1.90 gcm À3 )i samore powerful explosive than RDX because of its higher density.H owever,i ti sc haracterized by ah igherp roduction cost than RDX and is currently appliedinunique propellants and explosive formulations. Scheme34.…”

Section: N-nitrationreactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

et al. 2017

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A global increase in environmental pollution demands the development of new "cleaner" chemical processes. Among urgent improvements, the replacement of traditional hydrocarbon-derived toxic organic solvents with neoteric solvents less harmful for the environment is one of the most vital issues. As a result of the favorable combination of their unique properties, ionic liquids (ILs), dense gases, and supercritical fluids (SCFs) have gained considerable attention as suitable green chemistry media for the preparation and modification of important chemical compounds and materials. In particular, they have a significant potential in a specific and very important area of research associated with the manufacture and processing of high-energy materials (HEMs). These large-scale manufacturing processes, in which hazardous chemicals and extreme conditions are used, produce a huge amount of hard-to-dispose-of waste. Furthermore, they are risky to staff, and any improvements that would reduce the fire and explosion risks of the corresponding processes are highly desirable. In this Review, useful applications of almost nonflammable ILs, dense gases, and SCFs (first of all, CO ) for nitration and other reactions used for manufacturing HEMs are considered. Recent advances in the field of energetic (oxygen-balanced and hypergolic) ILs are summarized. Significant attention is paid to the SCF-based micronization techniques, which improve the energetic performance of HEMs through an efficient control of the morphology and particle size distribution of the HEM fine particles, and to useful applications of SCFs in HEM processing that makes them less hazardous.

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Section: N-nitrationreactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

et al. 2017

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“…A new technique introduced for this study, high‐temperature gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HT GC–MS), was used to profile the plasticizer content of tape samples without relying upon pyrolysis of the material. HT GC–MS has been applied to a number of samples of forensic interest, such as motor oils, waxes, and the process oil in U.S. Military Composition C‐4 (8–10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Comparison of Electrical Tapes Using Instrumental and Statistical Techniques: II. Organic Composition of the Tape Backing and Adhesive*

Goodpaster

Sturdevant

Andrews

et al. 2009

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The microtexture and elemental composition of the backing of electrical tapes have been shown to be highly discriminating. In this study, the organic composition of electrical tape was evaluated as a complementary means of distinguishing tape brands. The backing and adhesive of 72 rolls of electrical tape were analyzed via Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FTIR) and discriminant analysis was used to classify all samples by brand. Generally, the accuracy for FTIR data (88-99%) was higher than that for elemental data (86-94%). FTIR spectra from the adhesive layer were the most discriminating. In separate studies, two fragments of blast-damaged tape were correctly assigned to their brand of origin and discriminant analysis was used to quantitatively associate or exclude tape samples from two bombing cases.

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“…Based on the literature, the plasticizers tributyl citrate (Fluka, Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, ≥97 %), bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sebacate (Fluka Selectophore, ≥97 %), and bis(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate (Fluka Selectophore, ≥99.0 %) were chosen for analysis along with a styrene/butadiene copolymer (Sigma–Aldrich). Both bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sebacate and bis(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate are reported plasticizers in explosive Composition 4 (C‐4) 6 and were characterized based on the similarity between C‐4 and Semtex. Dyes Sudan I (Fluka Analytical, ≥96.0 %) and Sudan IV (Fluka Analytical, ≥96.0 %) were reported as being present in Semtex H and Semtex 1A, respectively 2, 3.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Three Types of Semtex (H, 1A, and 10)

Moore

Schantz

MacCrehan

2010

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Solid phase microextraction and solvent extraction were used with GC/MS to determine the vapor and compositional profile of three samples of Semtex (1A, H, and 10). Semtex is reported to contain PETN and/or RDX, along with plasticizers, binding materials, and fuel oil components. In an effort to differentiate and compare these three variations of Semtex, this report summarizes the headspace and solvent extraction results for each material. Components that can be used to differentiate varieties of Semtex were identified and all three Semtex profiles were distinguished.

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Differentiation of Composition C-4 Based on the Analysis of the Process Oil

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

Prospective Symbiosis of Green Chemistry and Energetic Materials

Identification and Comparison of Electrical Tapes Using Instrumental and Statistical Techniques: II. Organic Composition of the Tape Backing and Adhesive*

Characterization of Three Types of Semtex (H, 1A, and 10)

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