Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stroma-Derived Mesenchymal Cells

Abstract

Stem cell biology is a promising, fast-growing field that aims to develop cell-based tools for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Special attention is paid to bone marrow cells that play a role in the musculoskeletal system. Bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and stromal cells that form the reticular network that supports HSCs formation. Stromal cells also contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that differentiate to various lineages. The major obstacles in utilizing stem cells are identifying these cells and following the signaling pathways that control the cells' fate. The interactions of stem cells with an extracellular matrix and other cells create a tissue-specific niche that is responsible for regulating cell differentiation. It is important to identify biomarkers that will enable the isolation, selection and expansion of stem cells in vitro to allow their use for cell therapy. The study of stem cells' differentiation is based on various techniques, including the generation of antibodies to specific cellular sub-populations and high throughput analysis at transcriptome and proteome levels. Advances in transcriptome and proteome profiling will establish the molecular signature and will allow the discovery of the cell type specific differentiation programming. Such analysis identified several proteins related to chromatin remodeling factors, cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix ligands that localize cells at the specific niche. Detailed interpretation of the transcriptional and translational expression patterns will provide understanding of key properties of MSCs and allow their future use in regenerative medicine.

Therapeutic Approaches in Vascular Repair Induced by Adult Bone Marrow Cells and Circulating Progenitor Endothelial Cells

“…coronaries) and peripherally, the numbers of hormone-responsive EPC are reduced and the numbers of dysfunctional EPC are increased [77,78]. These data support the concept that an exogenous source of HSC, rather than autologous BMC patient-derived cells, may be another way for cellular proangiogenic therapies [79][80][81][82][83][84]. However, we need to remark that the context in which there therapies would be useful is the very late in the vascular disease process noting that early primary prevention strategies of diet and exercise to prevent obesity and diabetes and consequent cardiovascular disease is the desired long term strategy for improving human health [85][86][87][88][89] In addition, any therapies resulting from this stem-cell based approach are likely to be rather expensive and of narrow distribution.…”

Role of epigenetics in liver-specific gene transcription, hepatocyte differentiation and stem cell reprogrammation

“…In vivo, stem cells inhabit restricted niches within an organ or tissue, directing their self-renewal, differentiation and cell fate [141][142][143]. In particular, adult tissue is renewed through asymmetric division of stem/progenitor cells, thereby forming one cell that remains a stem cell and another cell that differentiates into a mature cell type with specialised functions [141][142][143].…”

“…In particular, adult tissue is renewed through asymmetric division of stem/progenitor cells, thereby forming one cell that remains a stem cell and another cell that differentiates into a mature cell type with specialised functions [141][142][143]. Batteries of developmental regulatory signaling molecules and transcription factors, including Wnts, fibroblast growth factors, Notch, sonic hedhodge, etc.…”

Modulating Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior Using Human Hair Keratin-Coated Surfaces

“…Multipotent, self-renewing human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of their capability to differentiate into numerous tissue lineages, including bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous connective tissue [1]. They have been obtained from multiple mature tissues, including bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue [2], and raise fewer ethical issues than embryonic stem cells.…”