Differentiating Limb Tissue Affects Neurite Growth in Spinal Cord Cultures

Pollack, Emanuel D.; Leibig, Veronica

doi:10.1126/science.302031

Cited by 35 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Chen and Levi-Montalcini (1970) showed that explanted embryonic foregut tissue was necessary for in vitro fibrillar growth from embryonic neurons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Pollack and Liebig (1977) showed that differentiating limb bud tissue had a trophic influence on cultured frog spinal cord explants. Conditioning the medium in Helisoma enhanced neurite outgrowth in cultured buccal ganglia to levels comparable to in uiuo growth.…”

Section: Growth Characteristics Of Isolated Helisoma Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurite outgrowth in molluscan organ and cell cultures: the role of conditioning factor(s)

Wong¹,

Hadley²,

Kater³

et al. 1981

J. Neurosci.

186

114

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Section: Growth Characteristics Of Isolated Helisoma Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurite outgrowth in molluscan organ and cell cultures: the role of conditioning factor(s)

Wong¹,

Hadley²,

Kater³

et al. 1981

J. Neurosci.

186

114

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“…Our recent studies have detailed the growth interactions between the efferent nerve fiber of the spinal cord and its primary target, the limb ( Fig. 1) [Pollack and Liebig, 1977; Muhlach and Pollack, 19821. Limb tissue is most effective as a target for spinal nerve fibers when it is least differentiated, or essentially a mesenchymal limb bud.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pollack and Muhlach paradigms of tissues derived from the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hindlimb of the frog tadpole (Rana pipiens) have provided much of the evidence that a temporal dependence is superimposed on the actions of targets in eliciting nerve growth and survival [Pollack and Liebig, 1977;Pollack et al, 1979;Pollack et al, 1980; Pollack and Muhlach, 19811. Drawing upon the results of recent experiments carried out in our laboratory, together with some newly attained information regarding substratum influences and biochemical indices of neural maturation, we have formulated a model to explain the timed action of targets on the growth and survival of neural centers related to the formation of the reflex arc.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Target control of neuronal development during formation of the spinal reflex arc: An operant model

Pollack¹,

Muhlach²

1982

J of Neuroscience Research

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The effects of target tissues on the neural centers of the developing spinal reflex arc of frog tadpoles have been integrated to form a model explaining the spatial and temporal interactions of neuron and target. Spinal cord responds to appropriate targets earlier than does sensory ganglion in tissue culture. Neuronal growth and survival responses to target tissues in vitro may explain the regulation of development in situ.Key words: nerve growth, neuron survival, neuron maturation, nerve-target, spinal arc INTRODUCTIONRegulation of neuronal growth and survival by target tissues has been demonstrated for several neural systems in vitro [Varon and Adler, 19811. As part of normal developmental processes, neuronal death has been demonstrated frequently and appears to be related to events at the innervation target in situ [Oppenheim, 1981; Cunningham, 19821. Similar involvement of targets in the directed growth of nerve fibers has been suggested from studies in which limb buds were transplanted to ectopic positions on the embryo [Hamburger, 1939; Lance-Jones and Landmesser, 19811. In general, some of the best clues as to the cellular mechanisms controlling the growth and survival (failure to die during the phase of normal neuronal death) have come from cell and tissue culture investigations. In addition to roles for neuronal targets, the importance of the substratum to which neurons attach and along which nerve fibers extend has been increasingly considered as a critical factor in understanding the controls for nerve growth and survival [Letourneau, 1975;Collins, 1980;Hawrot, 1980;Carbonetto et al, 1982; Schubert and La Corbiere, 19821. Our attention has focused on the tropic and trophic influences exerted by target tissues on the components of the developing spinal reflex arc with a concern directed to how these influences may be mediated by the substratum. Received June 25, 1982; accepted July 17, 1982. 0360-4012182/0802-03-0343$04.00 C \ 1982 Alan R. Liss, Inc. 344Pollack and Muhlach paradigms of tissues derived from the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hindlimb of the frog tadpole (Rana pipiens) have provided much of the evidence that a temporal dependence is superimposed on the actions of targets in eliciting nerve growth and survival [Pollack and Liebig, 1977;Pollack et al, 1979;Pollack et al, 1980; Pollack and Muhlach, 19811. Drawing upon the results of recent experiments carried out in our laboratory, together with some newly attained information regarding substratum influences and biochemical indices of neural maturation, we have formulated a model to explain the timed action of targets on the growth and survival of neural centers related to the formation of the reflex arc.It has become apparent that the controls for directing nerve growth from a center to a distant target reside in 1) the action of the target during a defined time period of development, 2) the limited time for response by the neuron, and 3) the growth substratum or extraneuronal environment. Similar controls appear to be in...

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“…Chamley, Goller & Burnstock, 1973;Coughlin, 1975;Ebendal & Jacobson, 1977;Pollack & Liebig, 1977;Lumsden & Davies, 1983). With the exception of recent work on sensory nerves in mouse (Lumsden & Davies, 1983), these studies have been of denervated target tissues and regenerating axons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myoblasts and myoblast‐conditioned medium attract the earliest spinal neurites from frog embryos.

McCaig¹

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. A study was made of the capacity of newly segmented somites, unsegmented mesoderm and medium conditioned by each of these tissues to attract the growth of the earliest spinal neurites from the neural tube of Xenopus laevis in tissue culture.2. When presented with segmented somitic myoblasts or sheets of skin, spinal neurites grew selectively towards the somitic myoblasts. Neurites were not attracted specifically to somitic myoblasts from their own rostrocaudal level. A variable proportion of myoblasts from unsegmented caudal mesoderm differentiated and elongated in co-culture with neural tube and skin. These myoblasts also attracted neural outgrowths, but only if present in sufficient numbers.3. An agar slab containing medium conditioned by the presence of segmented myoblasts for 1 day attracted neurite outgrowths. A source of medium conditioned by the presence of undifferentiated, unsegmented myotomal mesoderm alone did not attract neurite outgrowths. Nerve growth factor (NGF) at a range of concentrations in the agar source (500-10000 ng/ml) did not attract the earliest neurite outgrowths.4. It is concluded that the earliest skeletal myoblasts from Xenopus laevis embryos may attract neural outgrowths by releasing a soluble factor. Myoblasts may have to develop to the stage of somite segmentation before secretion of such an agent begins. The release of a myoblast-derived factor so early in development may assist directed nerve growth in vivo.

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Differentiating Limb Tissue Affects Neurite Growth in Spinal Cord Cultures

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Neurite outgrowth in molluscan organ and cell cultures: the role of conditioning factor(s)

Neurite outgrowth in molluscan organ and cell cultures: the role of conditioning factor(s)

Target control of neuronal development during formation of the spinal reflex arc: An operant model

Myoblasts and myoblast‐conditioned medium attract the earliest spinal neurites from frog embryos.

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