Differentiating anxiety and depression: A test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis.

Beck, Aaron T.; Brown, Gary; Steer, Robert A.; Eidelson, Judy I.; Riskind, John H.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.96.3.179

Cited by 579 publications

(438 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Clinical studies have shown that stressful life experiences are important etiological factors in the development and maintenance of depression and affective disorders (Kendler et al, 1995(Kendler et al, , 1998Kessler, 1997), particularly associated with cognitive and emotional biases (Beck, 1976;Beck et al, 1987;Coles and Heimberg, 2002;Mathews and Mackintosh, 1998). In the present study, CUS induced cognitive impairments in the AST on the stimulus reversal trials (experiment 1) and on the ED set-shifting task (replicated in both experiments).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deficits in such cognitive flexibility are detected on the WCST in human patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortical lesions (Stuss et al, 2000), and with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders that involve deficits of mPFC functioning (Fossati et al, 1999;Goldstein et al, 2002). Further, deficits in cognitive flexibility, resulting in perseverative perceptual, emotional, and memory biases have been suggested to be important in depression and anxiety disorders (Beck, 1976;Beck et al, 1987;Coles and Heimberg, 2002;Mathews and Mackintosh, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic Unpredictable Stress Induces a Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats that is Prevented by Chronic Antidepressant Drug Treatment

Bondi

Rodríguez

Gould

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

348

263

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Chronic stress is a risk factor for the development of many psychopathological conditions in humans, including major depression and anxiety disorders. There is a high degree of comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Moreover, cognitive impairments associated with frontal lobe dysfunction, including deficits in cognitive set-shifting and behavioral flexibility, are increasingly recognized as major components of depression, anxiety disorders, and other stress-related psychiatric illnesses. To begin to understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive and emotional consequences of chronic stress, it is necessary to employ an animal model that exhibits similar effects. In the present study, a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) consistently induced a cognitive impairment in extradimensional set shifting capability in an attentional set shifting test, suggesting an alteration in function of the medial prefrontal cortex. CUS also increased anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus-maze. Further, chronic treatment both with the selective norepinephrine reuptake blocker, desipramine (7.5 mg/kg/day), and the selective serotonin reuptake blocker, escitalopram (10 mg/kg/ day), beginning 1 week before CUS treatment and continuing through the behavioral testing period, prevented the CUS-induced deficit in extradimensional set-shifting. Chronic desipramine treatment also prevented the CUS-induced increase in anxiety-like behavioral reactivity on the plus-maze, but escitalopram was less effective on this measure. Thus, CUS induced both cognitive and emotional disturbances that are similar to components of major depression and anxiety disorders. These effects were prevented by chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs, consistent also with clinical evidence that relapse of depressive episodes can be prevented by antidepressant drug treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Unpredictable Stress Induces a Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats that is Prevented by Chronic Antidepressant Drug Treatment

Bondi

Rodríguez

Gould

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

348

263

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It has been increasingly recognized that, in addition to mood symptoms, cognitive dysfunction is a major component of depression and anxiety disorders, and may in fact underlie some of the affective symptoms (Beck, 1976;Beck et al, 1987;Coles and Heimberg, 2002;Mathews and Mackintosh, 1998). Patients with anxiety and depression exhibit cognitive and memory biases for emotionally relevant material, particularly with respect to 'controllability' of stressful life events, a concept long theorized to be central to the development of depression (Seligman, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Treatment with Desipramine Improves Cognitive Performance of Rats in an Attentional Set-Shifting Test

Lapiz

Bondi

Morilak

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Alterations in central monoaminergic neurotransmission are important in the actions of many antidepressants. This study tested the hypothesis that tonic elevation of noradrenergic (NA) neurotransmission in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by chronic treatment with the selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake blocker desipramine (DMI) may contribute to the beneficial cognitive effects of this antidepressant drug (AD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with DMI acutely (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or chronically for 21 days (7.5 mg/ kg/day via osmotic minipump) before assessing performance on an attentional set-shifting test. The extradimensional set-shifting component of this test reflects a process of cognitive flexibility that is dependent upon mPFC, and that we have shown previously to be facilitated by NA activity in mPFC. Microdialysis was performed to measure NE release in mPFC concurrently with behavioral testing. Acute DMI treatment produced an increase in extracellular NE levels in mPFC, and a modest improvement in overall performance across all task stages of the attentional set-shifting test, but failed to produce a significant improvement in any of the individual specific tasks comprising the test sequence. Chronic DMI treatment tonically elevated basal extracellular NE levels in mPFC, associated with a significant improvement in performance specifically on the extradimensional set-shifting component of the test. There was also a significant reduction in set loss errors in rats treated chronically with DMI. Hence, tonic elevation of NA transmission in mPFC by chronic DMI treatment was associated with a time-dependent facilitation of cognitive flexibility that may contribute to the mechanism whereby chronic treatment with ADs, specifically NE reuptake blockers, may exert a beneficial therapeutic effect on cognition in depressed patients.

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“…1 (left panel), the psychopathology and psychotherapy literatures may be relevant. In Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression (Beck, 1963(Beck, ,1967Beck, Brown, Steer, Eidelson, & Riskind, 1987), negative schemas, often referred to as "core beliefs," about the self, the world, and the future become part of a vicious cycle in which neutral and ambiguous situations are interpreted negatively and result in behavioral and affective responses that build and elaborate schemas (Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994). In the circumstances following gynecologic cancer treatment, women with negative, conflicted, or weak sexual self schemas would be reluctant to resume intercourse.…”

Section: Schemas Sexuality and Psychological Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Self Schema as a Moderator of Sexual and Psychological Outcomes for Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

et al. 2008

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Gynecologic cancer patients are at high risk for emotional distress and sexual dysfunction. The present study tested sexual self schema as an individual difference variable that might be useful in identifying those at risk for unfavorable outcomes. First, we tested schema as a predictor of sexual outcomes,including bodychangestress. Second,we examined schema as a contributor to broader quality of life outcomes, specifically as a moderator of the relationship between sexual satisfaction and psychological statue (depressive symptoms and quality of life). A cross-sectional design was used. Gynecologic cancer survivors (N = 175) 2−10 years post treatment were assessed during routine follow up. In regression analyses controlling for sociodemographic variables, patients' physical symptoms/signs as evaluated by nurses, health status, and extent of partner sexual difficulties, sexual self schema accounted for significant variance in the prediction of current sexual behavior, responsiveness, and satisfaction. Moreover, schema moderated the relationship between sexual satisfaction and psychological outcomes, suggesting that a positive sexual self schema might "buffer" patients from depressive symptoms when their sexual satisfaction is low. Furthermore, the combination of a negative sexual self schema and low sexual satisfaction might heighten survivors' risk for psychological distress, including depressive symptomatology. These data support the consideration of sexual self schema as a predictor of sexual morbidity among gynecologic cancer survivors.

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Differentiating anxiety and depression: A test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis.

Cited by 579 publications

References 6 publications

Chronic Unpredictable Stress Induces a Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats that is Prevented by Chronic Antidepressant Drug Treatment

Chronic Unpredictable Stress Induces a Cognitive Deficit and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rats that is Prevented by Chronic Antidepressant Drug Treatment

Chronic Treatment with Desipramine Improves Cognitive Performance of Rats in an Attentional Set-Shifting Test

Sexual Self Schema as a Moderator of Sexual and Psychological Outcomes for Gynecologic Cancer Survivors

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