Differentiated phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the cannibalistic salamander Hynobius retardatus

Michimae, Hirofumi

doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0157-x

Cited by 25 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The mean annual density of conspecific and R. pirica larvae in each pond was calculated by dividing the sum of the annual total larval densities by the number of years that clutches were collected. The respective mean densities of conspecific larvae (individuals/m 2 ± SD), heterospecific larvae (individuals/m 2 ± SD), and conspecific plus heterospecific larvae (individuals/m 2 ± SD) was calculated for each pond: Konuma (13.5 ± 1.5, 0, 13.5 ± 1.5), Nopporo (77.7 ± 3.8,53.3 ± 9.2, 131.0 ± 8.5), Okusawa (62.3 ± 17.8,93.3 ± 18.9,155.6 ± 1.0), Toyoha (112.8 ± 4.0, 280.0 ± 56.6, 392.8 ± 52.6), Kamitobetsu (323.2 ± 45.8, 100.0 ± 141.4, 423.2 ± 95.7), Erimo (415.7 ± 38.0, 977.8 ± 113.0, 1393.5 ± 85.4), Atsuta (1469.3 ± 128.3, 1240.0 ± 56.6, 2709.3 ± 71.7), and Tomaru (2132.9 ± 202.9, 1844 ± 453.8, 3799.9 ± 405.9) ( Table 1 in Michimae 2006). We used mean larval densities in the statistical analyses described below.…”

Section: Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detailed abiotic and biotic features (surface area, depth, density of egg clutches, and larval density of H. retardatus and R. pirica) and the geographic locations of the ponds are described in Table 1 and Fig. 1, respectively, of Michimae (2006). Some studies have reported that egg mass counts are highly correlated with numbers of larvae in a natural pond, and that the number of egg masses is an accurate indicator of larval density, especially initial larval density (Matsushima and Kawata 2005) if embryonic survival is known.…”

Section: Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each H. retardatus larval habitat used in this study had been previously investigated over two or three years, so the density of conspecific and heterospecific larvae in each pond was already known (Michimae 2006). The mean annual density of conspecific and R. pirica larvae in each pond was calculated by dividing the sum of the annual total larval densities by the number of years that clutches were collected.…”

Section: Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If a phenotypic correlation between these two traits does exist, then we can evaluate and discuss the adaptive value of the maternal effect in relation to this plasticity. In the present study, we used larvae from eight natural populations of the salamander H. retardatus from eight different ponds (Michimae 2006). Larval salamanders in each pond have a different probability of encountering conspecifics or R. pirica larvae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus

et al. 2009

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Maternal effects are widespread and influence a variety of traits, for example, life history strategies, mate choice and capacity to avoid predation. Therefore, maternal effects may also influence phenotypic plasticity of offspring, but few studies have addressed the relationship between maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity of offspring. We examined the relationship between a maternally influenced trait (egg size) and the phenotypic plasticity of the induction rate of the broad-headed morph in the salamander Hynobius retardatus. The relationship between egg size and the induction of the broad-headed morph was tested across experimental crowding conditions (densities of low conspecifics, high conspecifics, and high heterospecific anuran), using eggs and larvae from eight natural populations with different larval densities of conspecifics and heterospecifics. The broad-headed morph has a large mouth that enables it to consume either conspecifics or heterospecifics, and this ability gives survival advantages over the normal morph. We have determined that there is phenotypic plasticity in development, as shown by an increase in the frequency of broad-headed morph in response to an increase in the density of conspecifics and heterospecifics. This reaction norm differed between populations. We also determined that the frequency of the broad-headed morph is affected by egg size in which larger egg size resulted in expression of the broad-headed morph. Furthermore, we determined that selection acting on the propensity to develop the broad-headed morph has produced a change in egg size. Lastly, we found that an increase in egg size alters the reaction norm to favor development of the broad-headed morph. For example, an equal change in experimental density produces a greater change in the frequency of the broad-headed morph in larvae developing from large eggs than it does in larvae developing from small eggs. Population differences in plasticity might be the results of differences in egg 3 size between populations, which is caused by the adaptive integration of the plasticity and egg size. Phenotypic plasticity can not evolve independently of maternal effects.

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Section: Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus

et al. 2009

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“…The prey-induced broad-headed larvae are better able to survive starvation conditions during their larval stage, spent in ponds created by melting snow, by eating larger prey items (conspecific and heterospecific larvae). H. retardatus larvae co-occur also with the dragonfly (Aeschna juncea) larvae in many natural ponds (Kishida and Nishimura 2005;Michimae unpublished data) as well as R. pirica larvae (Michimae 2006). Little is known about changes to larvae morphology of H. retardatus in the presence of aquatic predators such as dragonfly larvae, but a few salamander and many amphibian larvae develop relatively large tails and small bodies in the presence of dragonfly larvae (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A trade-off between prey- and predator-induced polyphenisms in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus

Michimae

Hangui

2007

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Organisms in natural habitats participate in complex ecological interactions that include competition, predation, and foraging. Under natural aquatic environmental conditions, amphibian larvae can simultaneously receive multiple signals from conspecifics, predators, and prey, implying that predator-induced morphological defenses can occur in prey and that prey-induced offensive morphological traits may develop in predators. Although multiple adaptive plasticity, such as inducible defenses and inducible offensive traits, can be expected to have not only ecological but also evolutionary implications, few empirical studies report on species having such plasticity.The broad-headed larval morph of Hynobius retardatus, which is induced by crowding with heterospecific anuran (Rana pirica) larvae, is a representative example of prey-induced polyphenism. The morph is one of two distinct morphs that have been identified in this species; the other is the typical morph. Here, we report that typical larval morphs of Hynobius can respond rapidly to a predatory environment and show conspicuous predator-induced plasticity of larval tail depth, but that broad-headed morphs cannot respond similarly to a predation threat. Our findings support the hypothesis that induction or maintenance of adaptive plasticity (e.g., predator-induced polyphenism) trades off against other adaptive plastic responses (e.g., prey-induced polyphenism). For a species to retain both an ability to forage for larger prey and an ability to more effectively resist predation makes sense in light of the range of environments that many salamander larvae experience in nature. Our results suggest that the salamander larvae clearly discriminate between cues from prey and those from predators and accurately respond to each cue; that is, they adjust their phenotype to the current environment.

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An interaction‐driven cannibalistic reaction norm

Nishimura

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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AbstractsCannibalism is induced in larval‐stage populations of the Hokkaido salamander, Hynobius retardatus, under the control of a cannibalism reaction norm. Here, I examined phenotypic expression under the cannibalism reaction norm, and how the induction of a cannibalistic morph under the norm leads to populational morphological diversification. I conducted a set of experiments in which density was manipulated to be either low or high. In the high‐density treatment, the populations become dimorphic with some individuals developing into the cannibal morph type. I performed an exploratory analysis based on geometric morphometrics and showed that shape characteristics differed between not only cannibal and noncannibal morph types in the high‐density treatment but also between those morph types and the solitary morph type in the low‐density treatment. Size and shape of cannibal and noncannibal individuals were found to be located at either end of a continuum of expression following a unique size–shape integration rule that was different from the rule governing the size and shape variations of the solitary morph type. This result implies that the high‐density‐driven inducible morphology of an individual is governed by a common integration rule during the development of dimorphism under the control of the cannibalism reaction norm. Phenotypic expression under the cannibalism reaction norm is driven not only by population density but also by social interactions among the members of a population: variation in the populational expression of dimorphism is associated with contingent social interaction events among population members. The induced cannibalistic morph thus reflects not only by contest‐type exploitative competition but also interference competition.

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Differentiated phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the cannibalistic salamander Hynobius retardatus

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus

Maternal effects on phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus

A trade-off between prey- and predator-induced polyphenisms in larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus

An interaction‐driven cannibalistic reaction norm

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