Differential Vulnerability

Clay-Warner, Jody; Bunch, Jackson M.; McMahon-Howard, Jennifer

doi:10.1177/0093854816636415

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…According to state dependence arguments, the victimization event itself changes either the individual or the social environment in ways that elevate future risk. According to the risk heterogeneity argument, the association between victimization events is spurious because the same underlying factors that caused the initial victimization event are also responsible for subsequent victimization experiences (see Clay-Warner, Bunch, & Mcmahon-Howard, 2016; Ousey, Wilcox, & Brummel, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sexual Revictimization: A Routine Activity Theory Explanation

Culatta

Clay-Warner

Boyle

et al. 2017

J Interpers Violence

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Research has shown that victims of sexual assault are at a significant risk of revictimization. We use routine activity theory to predict how sexual victimization in adolescence relates to depression, substance use, and ultimately revictimization as a young adult. We frame our research within routine activity theory and predict that sexual victimization increases substance use and depressive symptoms, both of which increase the likelihood of revictimization. We test the hypotheses with three waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Violence Against Women. Using structural equation modeling, we examine the direct and indirect effects of previous sexual victimization, depressive symptoms, and substance use on the odds of victimization during the sophomore year of college. Results suggest that sexual victimization during the sophomore year of college is predicted directly by previous sexual victimization and also indirectly through depressive symptomology, though not substance use. Although understudied in the literature, depression is shown to mediate the relationship between victimization and revictimization, and this finding is consistent with routine activity theory, as well as the state dependence perspective on revictimization. Our findings suggest that depressive symptoms, a long acknowledged consequence of sexual victimization, should also be understood as a source of revictimization risk, indicating the importance of depression screening and intervention for decreasing sexual victimization.

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confidence: 99%

Sexual Revictimization: A Routine Activity Theory Explanation

Culatta

Clay-Warner

Boyle

et al. 2017

J Interpers Violence

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“…contribute to revictimization risk (Clay-Warner et al, 2016). Symptoms of psychological distress, the intermediate factor considered in the present study, are more representative of state-dependence theories.…”

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confidence: 76%

“…In contrast, state-dependence theories (Zayfert, 2012) argue that the experience of initial victimization produces changes in characteristics of the individual and/or their socio-material context that, in turn, affect the individual’s risk for subsequent revictimization. Longitudinal analyses that evaluate the two perspectives together suggest that the two theories are not exclusive; population heterogeneity and state dependence both contribute to revictimization risk (Clay-Warner et al, 2016). Symptoms of psychological distress, the intermediate factor considered in the present study, are more representative of state-dependence theories.…”

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confidence: 99%

Revictimization Patterns Among Unhoused Youth

Wright

Milligan

Bender

et al. 2021

J Interpers Violence

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Young people experiencing houselessness are at high risk for revictimization. As has been identified in other populations, symptoms of psychological distress may be an indirect pathway by which initial victimization may increase risk for later revictimization among youth experiencing houselessness. The current study used cross-sectional mediation analyses to examine the hypothesis that there would be an indirect effect of interpersonal victimization that occurred before young people left home on subsequent victimization while experiencing houselessness, through posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms. Youth ( N = 245) residing in a shelter provided responses during an in-person interview screening prior to participating in a larger clinical study. Relevant to the current study, youth reported victimization experiences before and after leaving home (Childhood Trauma and Juvenile Victimization Questionnaires, respectively), and PTSD and depression symptoms on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Results replicated and extended previous findings determining high rates of victimization among houseless young people both before (92%) and after (75%) leaving home. Further, exposure to more types of childhood victimization significantly predicted likelihood of experiencing more types of victimization after leaving home. Significant indirect effects of childhood victimization risk on revictimization after leaving home were found, occurring through both PTSD and depression symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of existing theories of revictimization, with particular emphasis on the state-dependence theory of victimization. These findings have implications for intervention with young people experiencing houselessness, particularly with regard to addressing the consequences of childhood victimization and trauma-informed support systems.

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“…In conclusion, most existing risk assessment instruments predict repeat victimization from the perspective of the offender and not the victim. Moreover, most existing instruments aimed to predict repeat victimization are limited to specific types of crimes, whereas victims may also be at risk of being confronted with other types of crimes and harms (Clay-Warner et al, 2016;Farrell et al, 1995;Lantz and Ruback, 2017). This study, therefore, addressed the development and validation of an actuarial instrument (ProVict) aimed to estimate the risk of repeat victimization directly from the victim's perspective and for a wider range of crimes than typically addressed.…”

Section: Previous Research On Victim Risk Assessment Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the predictive validity of a risk assessment instrument for repeat victimization in the Netherlands using prior police contacts

Raaijmakers

Geurts

Delsing

et al. 2022

European Journal of Criminology

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The current study examined to what extent a valid instrument that predicts repeat victimization can be based on a victim's prior police contacts. Police records between 2010 and 2017 were retrieved for a sample of 68,229 victims. The data was split into a training set ( n = 34,224) and a test set ( n = 34,005). Using logistic regression analyses in the training set, three models were developed linking prior police contacts to repeat victimization. The predictive validity was assessed in the test set. Results indicated that (a) prior police contacts as victims, suspects and witnesses were associated with an elevated risk of repeat victimization and (b) the model correctly classified a majority of both repeat victims and non-repeat victims across various cut-off points. Findings demonstrated moderate to acceptable predictive validity, thereby suggesting that there is considerable room for improvement.

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Differential Vulnerability

Cited by 22 publications

References 66 publications

Sexual Revictimization: A Routine Activity Theory Explanation

Sexual Revictimization: A Routine Activity Theory Explanation

Revictimization Patterns Among Unhoused Youth

Assessing the predictive validity of a risk assessment instrument for repeat victimization in the Netherlands using prior police contacts

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