Differential voltage‐based fault detection during power swing

Analysis of wind farm penetration on power swing detection in distance relays

“…By substituting Equation (7) in Equation ( 3), the active power during power swing is decomposed into damping and damping sinusoidal equations, according to Equation (8):…”

“…Hence, the frequency of power swing can be extracted with ease, according to Equation (2), and by applying the Fourier transform to the current waveform. Voltages during power swing consist of multiplication of two sinusoidal functions, as well [7]. So, the voltage, instead of the current, can be used to extract power swing frequency.…”

“…There are also new methods to differentiate faults from power swings, which could be organised into four groups. Voltage analysis such as the rate of change of power swing centre voltage [5], bus voltage [6], and peaks of the derivative of a voltage signal [7], current waveform analysis [8][9][10][11][12][13], power analysis [14,15], and checking the impedance [16] are four variables used to distinguish faults from power swings. A combination of these approaches is employed in some techniques, as well [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Design of sliding mode fault‐tolerant control for Markovian jump systems with probabilistic delay: A discrete partitioning strategy

“…In fact, the actuator failures are quite common in practical projects, such as AC transmission lines, distribution networks and power swing processes. [15][16][17] Accordingly, some important algorithms on fault-tolerant aim have been proposed to improve the effectiveness of practical dynamics. For example, the method of detection and isolation with actuator fault has been researched in Reference 18 for helicopter unmanned arial vehicle.…”

“…Among them, an adaptive SMC design has been discussed in Reference 14 for stochastic MJSs, where some potential issues about actuator and sensor (e.g., degradation or fault) have been simultaneously taken into account. In fact, the actuator failures are quite common in practical projects, such as AC transmission lines, distribution networks and power swing processes 15‐17 . Accordingly, some important algorithms on fault‐tolerant aim have been proposed to improve the effectiveness of practical dynamics.…”