This study examined localization of positive versus negative motivational functions mediated by GABA circuits within the accumbens shell. Microinjections of a GABA A agonist (0, 25, 75, and 225 ng/0.5 l muscimol) in rostral shell sites elicited appetitive increases in eating behavior. In contrast, microinjections in caudal shell sites elicited defensive burying or pawtreading behavior. Rats whose microinjections landed bilaterally outside of the accumbens shell did not display either behavior. Defensive treading elicited by caudal shell muscimol microinjection appeared to be a negative motivated response to threat (similar in parameters and orientation to normal defensive burying of a threatening electrified shock prod). The nucleus accumbens shell thus appears functionally heterogeneous in coding motivational valence. The demonstration that muscimol elicits positive eating behavior from rostral shell versus negative defensive behavior from caudal shell suggests in particular that GABAergic substrates of positive and negative types of motivated behavior in the nucleus accumbens shell are segregated along a rostrocaudal gradient.Key words: accumbens shell; GABA; food intake; reward; appetite; motivation; glutamate; dopamine; fear; defense; aggression; mesolimbic; microinjection GABAergic medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens shell are implicated in the control of appetitive behavior and reward. Regarding eating behavior specifically, robust increases in food intake by rats are elicited by microinjection in the medial accumbens shell of either GABA A or GABA B receptor agonists (or non-NMDA glutamate antagonists) (Maldonado-Irizarry et al., 1995;Stratford and Kelley, 1997;Basso and Kelley, 1999).Aside from its role in positive appetitive behavior, the accumbens shell has also been implicated in negative motivational states, such as stress, fear, and defensive behavioral responses elicited by noxious or threatening stimuli (Inoue et al