Differential sensitivity of different discrimination behaviors to the effects of ethanol

Holloway, Frank; Wansley, Richard A.

doi:10.3758/bf03329233

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This is true e.g. for spontaneous motor activity (Buckalew and Cartwright 1968;Carlsson et al 1972) and also for tasks involving motor activity such as operant avoidance performance (Holloway and Wansley 1973;Leander et al 1976). Moreover man's psychological state also shows a biphasic response to ethanol (Lindman and Mellberg 1976;Lindmann and Taxell 1976;Smith et al 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of alcohol on body-sway patterns in human subjects

Nieschalk

Ortmann

West

et al. 1999

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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The vestibulospinal aspects of vestibular function are commonly neglected in the evaluation of alcohol-induced intoxication. Thus, in the present study the effect of an acute intoxication with a low or moderate quantity of alcohol was examined with respect to the equilibrium in 30 healthy subjects. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was measured 30 min after the ingestion of the last alcohol, ranging between 0.22 and 1.59 per thousand. Stability of stance was quantified by static platform posturography in Romberg-test conditions with eyes open and eyes closed. Among other parameters, the average body sway path (SP) and area of body sway (SA) were assessed. Posturography revealed a significant increase in body sway. There was a positive correlation between SA (or SP) and BAC both with eyes open and eyes closed. Multiple group comparisons revealed that the large-alcohol-dose group (BAC > or = 1.0 per thousand) could be clearly differentiated from test cases with BAC lower than 0.8 per thousand. Sway area was the most sensitive parameter for detecting increased body sway after alcohol ingestion. The area increase, present not only with eyes closed but with eyes open, revealed an inadequate compensation of the ethanol-induced ataxia by visual stabilization. The Romberg's quotient, which denotes eyes closed relative to eyes open, remained constant. The increase in sway path with eyes closed showed an omnidirectional sway. A comparison of the sway pattern of subjects after acute ethanol ingestion with the data of patients with permanent cerebellar lesions suggested that the acute effect of alcohol resembles that of a lesion of the spinocerebellum. This finding contrasts with earlier studies, which postulated an acute effect of ethanol resembling that in patients with an atrophy of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum due to chronic alcohol abuse. In seven cases of the lower dose group (BAC < or = 0.8 per thousand), a reduction in body sway after alcohol ingestion was observed. This finding may be consistent with a dose-related biphasic action of alcohol, which - besides its well-known depressant effects with high doses - also shows stimulatory action with small doses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of alcohol on body-sway patterns in human subjects

Nieschalk

Ortmann

West

et al. 1999

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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“…For example, in rats, lower doses of ethanol increase spontaneous motor activity (Carlsson et al 1972;Imperato and Di Chiara 1986;Waller et al 1986;Moore et al 1993;Pecins-Thompson and Peris 1993;Gingras et al 1996), running in an activity wheel (Duncan and Baez 1981;Ward and Jones 1989), and locomotion in an open-field (Sonderegger et al 1984;Prunell et al 1987;Aragon et al 1989). Lower doses of ethanol also increase consummatory responding in rats (Conger 1956;Becker and Flaherty 1982), cats (Masserman and Yum 1946), and dogs (Tamura 1963), facilitate food-directed approach responses in rats (Conger 1956;Freed 1967;Devenport et al 1981) and cats (Smart 1965), and increase instrumental lever-pressing for food reward in rats (Scarborough 1957;Holloway and Vardiman 1971;Holloway and Wansley 1973;Iso and Sakaki 1981;Pallares et al 1992) and cats (Goldman and Docter 1966). While acute presession injections of higher doses of ethanol impair Pavlovian CR performance, lower doses of ethanol facilitate the expression of eyeblink CRs and heart rate CRs in rabbits , and enhance conditioned suppression of lever-pressing in rats (Hernandez and Valentine 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Effects of ethanol on Pavlovian autoshaping in rats

et al. 1998

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Approach responses, consummatory behaviors, and directed motor responses maintained by food reward resemble autoshaping CRs and are increased by lower doses of ethanol. This study evaluated the effects of presession i.p. injections of ethanol doses (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.70. or 1.00 g/kg) on the acquisition of lever-press autoshaping CR performance in groups of male Long-Evans hooded rats. Paired groups received 15 daily sessions of Pavlovian autoshaping procedures, wherein the insertion of a retractable lever for 5 s (CS) was followed by the response-independent presentation of food (US). Ethanol facilitated lever-press autoshaping CR acquisition, as revealed by dose-related increases in the number of trials on which CRs were performed. The form of the dose-effect curve was inverted U-shaped with maximal responding induced during sessions 1-5 by the 0.70 g/kg ethanol dose. A similar dose-effect curve was observed during sessions 11-15, revealing that the effects of ethanol on autoshaping CR performance were relatively stable. A pseudoconditioning control group injected presession with 0.50 g/kg ethanol received training wherein the food US was presented randomly with respect to the lever CS. Few lever-presses were performed by the Random 0.50 group, indicating that ethanol's effects on autoshaping CR acquisition and maintenance observed in the Paired 0.50 group were not due to its psychomotor activating effects. A non-injection control group performed more autoshaping CRs than did the control group injected presession with saline, indicating that daily presession i.p. injections per se suppress autoshaping CR performance. Results reveal that low doses of ethanol enhance Pavlovian conditioning of directed motor and consummatory-like responding maintained by food reward. Implications for autoshaping accounts of impulsivity and drug abuse are considered.

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“…Such biphasic responses have been recognized in animal studies for motor activity (Read et al, 1960;Buckalew and Cartwright, 1968;Carlsson et al, 1972;Erickson and Matchett, 1975;Randall et al, 1975;Matchett and Erickson, 1977), open field activity tests (Sanders, 1976), performance in Y mazes (Leonard and Wiseman, 1970), positive food motivated operant behavior (Holloway and Vardiman, 1971;Holloway and Wansley, 1973;Glowa and Barrett, 1976;Leander et al, 1976), aversion responding-shock avoidance (Reynolds and van Sommers, 1960), electrical self-stimulation via bar pressing (Vrtunski et al, 1973;Carlson and Lydic, 1976), and aggression (Weitz, 1974;Peeke et al, 1975;Miezek and Barry, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ethanol and Hormesis

Calabrese

Baldwin

2003

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endpoint and quantitative feature of the dose response. These findings have important implications affecting study design, animal model, and endpoint selection as well as clinical applications.

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Differential sensitivity of different discrimination behaviors to the effects of ethanol

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Effects of alcohol on body-sway patterns in human subjects

Effects of alcohol on body-sway patterns in human subjects

Effects of ethanol on Pavlovian autoshaping in rats

Ethanol and Hormesis

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