Differential Scanning Calorimetric and Infra-Red Spectroscopic Studies of Interactions between Lignocellulosic Materials, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Furfuryl Alcohol

Philippou, J. L.; Zavarin, Eugene

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1984.38.3.119

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…If there were no grafting, hydrophobic FA oligomers would migrate from the wood substance in a way similar to PF resins. Grafting of PFA onto cellulose has been shown to be possible by using ferric salts and peroxides as catalysts (Philippou & Zavarin 1984). However, these types of catalyst cannot be used in stable impregnating solutions.…”

Section: Chemistry Of Furfurylation Of Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and ecotoxicology of furfurylated wood

Lande¹,

Eikenes²,

Westin

2004

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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Chemistry and ecotoxicology of furfurylated wood. Scand. J. For. Res. 19(Suppl. 5): 14 Á/21, 2004.Over the past decade modernized processes for furfurylation of wood have been developed. These new processes are based on completely new catalytic systems and process additives. These new systems do not add metals or halogens to the product, which is important for an environmentally acceptable product. However, little is known about the ecotoxicity of furfurylated wood or other environmental impacts that may result from the modification method. The study shows that concentrations of non-reacted furfuryl alcohol in the final products are low and do not contribute to any fungicidal effect. Environmental tests show no significant level of increased ecotoxicity, and degradation through combustion does not release any volatile organic compounds or polyaromatic hydrocarbons above normal levels for wood combustion. Hence, furfurylation of wood to enhance wood properties is not believed to be harmful to the environment.

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Section: Chemistry Of Furfurylation Of Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and ecotoxicology of furfurylated wood

Lande¹,

Eikenes²,

Westin

2004

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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“…On the contrary, electrophilic addition is more consistent and likely to occur preferentially. Concerning polymerization catalysts, the activity of mineral acids (phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid), organic acids ( p -toluene sulfonic acid, , maleic anhydride, , trifluoroacetic acid , ), Lewis acid (TiCl 4 , SnCl 4 , ZnCl 2 ), and iodine , was evaluated. Most of these catalysts are not safe for the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Kinetic Pathway of Furfuryl Alcohol Polymerization Catalyzed by Green Montmorillonite Clays

et al. 2012

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Furfuryl alcohol (FA) which is derived from lignocellulosic biomass polymerizes into poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) under acidic catalysis. A greener and more sustainable catalytic route was proposed in order to replace hazardous acidic catalysts. Organically modified montmorillonite (Org-MMT) and, in comparison, sodium MMT (Na-MMT) are used to evaluate the catalytic effect on the FA polymerization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) show that clay layers have been exfoliated during polymerization. Additional FTIR spectroscopy measurements confirm that furanic oligomers have intercalated between clay layers by cation exchange. An original combination between chemorheological and model-free kinetic analysis allows highlighting the influence of MMT on the overall polymerization pathway. The octadecyl ammonium cation (ODA) was also used as homogeneous acidic catalyst to highlight the specific role of this interlayer cation present in Org-MMT. Interestingly, FA/Org-MMT polymerizes more rapidly than FA/ODA but initiation of polymerization is slightly shifted to higher temperature due to initial intercalation between MMT layers. Then, the dual acidic character (Lewis + Brönsted) of Org-MMT leads to gelation at early stage of polymerization. The results clearly show that exfoliation of MMT layers increases the efficiency of collisions.

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“…The polymerization reaction of furfuryl alcohol has been previously studied under different experimental conditions. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The reported step-growth curing mechanisms can be separated into two stages. In the first stage, under acid catalysis, the methylol group of one furan ring condenses with the C5 position of another furan ring with dehydration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemorheological analysis and model-free kinetics of acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol polymerization

Guigo

Mija

Vincent

et al. 2007

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

118

117

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The complete curing of furfuryl alcohol (FA), was studied by chemorheological analysis and model-free kinetics under isothermal and non-isothermal modes. Polymerization of FA under acidic catalysis involves complex reactions, with several steps (such as condensations and Diels-Alder cycloadditions). To account for the polymerization complexity, kinetic analysis of DSC data was performed with a model-free isoconversional method. The obtained E(alpha)-dependencies were closely-correlated with the variation of complex viscosity during curing. Linear condensations are predominant during the early curing stage and are followed by two distinct stages of branching cycloadditions. Gelation and vitrification, identified by rheometric measurements, were associated with a decrease of the overall reaction rate that becomes controlled by diffusion of small oligomers. Before vitrification, the rate of crosslinking is limited by the mobility of longer polymer chains and diffusion encounters a large energy barrier due to the cooperative nature of the motions, leading to higher E(alpha) values.

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Differential Scanning Calorimetric and Infra-Red Spectroscopic Studies of Interactions between Lignocellulosic Materials, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Furfuryl Alcohol

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Chemistry and ecotoxicology of furfurylated wood

Chemistry and ecotoxicology of furfurylated wood

Complex Kinetic Pathway of Furfuryl Alcohol Polymerization Catalyzed by Green Montmorillonite Clays

Chemorheological analysis and model-free kinetics of acid catalysed furfuryl alcohol polymerization

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