Differential resurgence and response elimination

Doughty, Adam H.; Silva, Stephanie P. da; Lattal, Kennon A.

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.02.025

Cited by 53 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, since such behaviors also have significance for many clinically relevant behavioral patterns, such as depression, drug dependence, and externalizing behaviors (see, e.g., Bouton, 2002;Doughty, Reed, & Lattal, 2004;Reed & Clark, 2011;Williams et al, 2006), it has been thought important to develop experimental analogues of the effect in order to study the factors that impact resurgence more fully, and such experimental analogues are helpful in the present context of investigating the impact of manipulations such as mindfulness that are specifically designed to limit intrusions from previous learning into current performance (see Hayes et al, 1999;Kabat-Zinn, 2003). Reed and Morgan (2007) investigated whether resurgence of behavior during extinction depended on previously established rates of response (see also Doughty et al, 2004;Doughty, da Silva, & Lattal, 2007). In this within-subjects study, rats were trained on a multiple schedule comprising two different schedules of reinforcement that are known to produce two particular and different rates of responding: a variable ratio (VR) schedule, where reinforcement is related to the number of responses made and which produces higher rates of response, and a VI schedule, where only responses following the passage of time are reinforced and which is known to produce lower rates of response (see Dack, McHugh, & Reed, 2010, for a similar demonstration in humans).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of mindfulness on extinction and behavioral resurgence

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of mindfulness on behavioral extinction and resurgence. Participants received instrumental training; either they received FI training (Experiment 1), or they were trained to emit high rates and low rates of response via exposure to a multiple VR yoked-VI schedule prior to exposure to a multiple FI FI schedule in order to alter their rates of responding learned during Experiment 2. Participants were then exposed to either a focused-(mindfulness) or an unfocused-attention induction task. All participants were finally exposed to an extinction schedule in order to determine whether a mindfulness induction task presented immediately prior to extinction training affected extinction (Experiment 1) and behavioral resurgence (Experiment 2). During the extinction phase, the rates of responding were higher in the control group than in the mindfulness group, indicating that the mindfulness group was more sensitive to the contingencies and, thus, their prior performance extinguished more readily (Experiment 1). Moreover, rates of response in the extinction components less precisely reflected previous training in the mindfulness group, suggesting less resurgence of past behaviors after the mindfulness induction (Experiment 2).Keywords Operant conditioning . Schedule of reinforcement . Human learning Human behavior maintained by schedules of reinforcement has sometimes been found to be insensitive to the contingencies that are in operation, and this finding is sometimes related to behavior being under the control of previously established verbal rules, rather than the currently operating reinforcement contingencies themselves (e.g

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of mindfulness on extinction and behavioral resurgence

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, a few exceptions exist in which animals were required to abstain from responding to earn reinforcers during Phase 2. For example, experiments have shown that resurgence can occur when alternative reinforcement is delivered according to a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior (DRO) schedule (da Silva, Maxwell, & Lattal, 2008; Doughty, da Silva, & Lattal, 2007; Pacitti & Smith, 1977). According to this schedule, reinforcers during Phase 2 are delivered independent of responding on an explicit R2.…”

Section: Evaluating the Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context Change Explains Resurgence After the Extinction of Operant Behavior

Trask

Schepers

Bouton

2015

RMAC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Extinguished operant behavior can return or "resurge" when a response that has replaced it is also extinguished. Typically studied in nonhuman animals, the resurgence effect may provide insight into relapse that is seen when reinforcement is discontinued following human contingency management (CM) and functional communication training (FCT) treatments, which both involve reinforcing alternative behaviors to reduce behavioral excess. Although the variables that affect resurgence have been studied for some time, the mechanisms through which they promote relapse are still debated. We discuss three explanations of resurgence (response prevention, an extension of behavioral momentum theory, and an account emphasizing context change) as well as studies that evaluate them. Several new findings from our laboratory concerning the effects of different temporal distributions of the reinforcer during response elimination and the effects of manipulating qualitative features of the reinforcer pose a particular challenge to the momentumbased model. Overall, the results are consistent with a contextual account of resurgence, which emphasizes that reinforcers presented during response elimination have a discriminative role controlling behavioral inhibition. Changing the "reinforcer context" at the start of testing produces relapse if the organism has not learned to suppress its responding under conditions similar to the ones that prevail during testing.Operant behavior has been an important focus of laboratory research for many decades because it provides a model for studying the variables that control voluntary behavior. In a typical study of operant behavior, animals such as rats learn to perform a response (e.g., a lever press or chain pull) to receive an outcome (such as a food reinforcer). Although the animal is free to do whatever it "wants" during a session, it can be shown that the rate of its behavior is lawfully related to its consequences. Indeed, once the response has been acquired, it can be reduced through a process known as extinction, in which the reinforcer or outcome is no longer produced by that response. Extinction is a well-known and popular method for reducing behavioral excesses. However, behavior that has been reduced through extinction is prone to recovery and relapse (see , for one review). Therefore, the suppression of operant responding that occurs when reinforcers are omitted should not be taken as evidence that the original learning has been erased or unlearned.

show abstract

“…And although resurgence can occur after DRO, comparisons of DRO's effectiveness against other response-elimination procedures have produced mixed results. Whereas Pacitti and Smith (1977) found that DRO yielded less response recovery than a procedure in which R1 was merely extinguished while an R2 was reinforced, Doughty et al (2007, Experiment 1) reported evidence of the opposite result.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Several experiments have demonstrated resurgence when a modest change-over delay was imposed during response elimination such that reinforcers could not be earned on R2 unless 3 s had also elapsed since the last R1 (e.g., da Silva, Maxwell, & Lattal, 2008; Doughty, da Silva, & Lattal, 2007; Lieving & Lattal, 2003). Other experiments have demonstrated resurgence after a differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior (DRO) contingency in which reinforcers were presented if R1 had not been made in the previous 20 s (da Silva et al, 2008; Doughty et al, 2007; Pacitti & Smith, 1977). However, in contrast to the typical resurgence procedure, there was no joint requirement to make an explicit alternative R2 response.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resurgence of instrumental behavior after an abstinence contingency

Bouton

Schepers

2013

Learn Behav

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In resurgence, an extinguished instrumental behavior (R1) recovers when a behavior that replaced it (R2) is also extinguished. The phenomenon may be relevant to understanding relapse that can occur after the termination of “contingency management” treatments, in which unwanted behavior (e.g., substance abuse) is reduced by reinforcing alternative behavior. When reinforcement is discontinued, the unwanted behavior might resurge. However, unlike most resurgence experiments, contingency management treatments also introduce a negative contingency in which reinforcers are not delivered unless the client has abstained from the unwanted behavior. Two experiments with rats therefore examined the effects of adding a negative “abstinence” contingency to the resurgence design. During response elimination, R2 was not reinforced unless R1 had not been emitted for a minimum period of time (45, 90, or 135 s). In both experiments, adding such a contingency to simple R1 extinction reduced, but did not eliminate, resurgence. Experiment 2 found the same effect in a yoked group that could earn reinforcers for R2 at the same points in time, but without the requirement to abstain from R1. Thus, the negative contingency per se did not contribute. Results suggest that the contingency reduced resurgence by making reinforcers more difficult to earn and more widely spaced in time. This could have allowed the animal to learn that R1 was extinguished in the “context” of infrequent reinforcement—a context more like that of resurgence testing. The results are thus consistent with a contextual (renewal) account of resurgence. The method might provide a better model of relapse after termination of a contingency management treatment.

show abstract

Differential resurgence and response elimination

Cited by 53 publications

References 19 publications

The effect of mindfulness on extinction and behavioral resurgence

The effect of mindfulness on extinction and behavioral resurgence

Context Change Explains Resurgence After the Extinction of Operant Behavior

Resurgence of instrumental behavior after an abstinence contingency

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About