Differential responses on gut microbiota and microbial metabolome of 2′-fucosyllactose and galactooligosaccharide against DSS-induced colitis

Galactooligosaccharide or 2′-Fucosyllactose Modulates Gut Microbiota and Inhibits LPS/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Prevent DSS-Induced Colitis Aggravated by a High-Fructose Diet in Mice

“…Mice fed with a high-fat diet are more likely to develop IBD with more severe symptoms of IBD, which can be relieved by food rich in dietary fiber. − ,, Otherwise, separate studies have proved a causal relationship between high the fructose/glucose diet and IBD. , However, few studies have attempted to improve colitis in mice on a high-fructose diet through dietary fiber, such as oligosaccharides, which are beneficial as prebiotics in preventing IBD . GOS and FL are respectively the major oligosaccharides in animal and human milk whose ameliorative effects on experimental colitis were evaluated in a recent study . However, the improving impact of GOS and FL on colitis exacerbated by feeding HFrD has yet to be fully evaluated and compared. , …”

“…The colitis symptoms, including DAI indices, histological scores, and inflammatory factors, can be effectively improved by the oral administration of GOS or FL, similar to those of mice on a regular diet. FL or GOS, respectively, exhibited a protective effect consistent with prior studies. ,,, As an alternative to FL, there was no significant difference between the ameliorative effects of GOS and FL in terms of the gut barrier and inflammatory response, which contrasted with previous studies, possibly due to differences in the gut microbiota …”

“…FL or GOS consumption increased the diversity of gut microbiota and also altered the structure of the microbes affected by feeding HFrD. Specifically, GOS or FL increased the alpha diversity of gut microbiota, reduced the levels of LPS-producing bacteria, and increased the levels of SCFAs-producing bacteria ( Parasutterella , Blautia , Ruminiclostridium_9 , Butyricimonas , Ruminiclostridium , Oscillibacter , Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004 , and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group ), compared to the Fw group. − In DSS-induced colitis, the differences in gut microbiota between the FL and GOS treatments were more pronounced in regular diet-fed mice, whereas the differences were not significant in HFrD-fed mice . This may explain why the ameliorative effects between GOS and FL are similar to those of mice with HFrD, which were different in mice with a regular diet.…”

“…39,40 Due to its lower production cost, GOS has been added to infant formula to replicate the health-promoting effects of HMOs for an extended period. 41 Therefore, comparing the prebiotic function on the gut health of GOS and FL is necessary. In an in vitro cell model, Cheng et al found that GOS, but not FL, promoted Muc-2 synthesis and Muc-2 protein secretion by regulating goblet cell function.…”

Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages

“…As a functional biomolecule, GOS has been shown to reduce oxidation, protect the liver, and regulate neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment [ 24 , 25 ]. In addition, GOS could effectively improve ulcerative colitis induced by sodium dextran sulfate [ 14 , 26 ]. Similarly, our experiments show that natural GOS of the Raffinose family could significantly reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors, suggesting that they have good anti-inflammatory activity.…”