Differential Responses of Antioxidative System during the Interaction of Soursop Fruits (Annona muricata L.) and Nectria haematococca at Postharvest Storage

Abstract

Soursop fruit (Annona muricata L.) production is diminished by the attack of pathogens such as Nectria haematococca. However, the fruit–pathogen interaction at the biochemical and molecular levels is still unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the response of the soursop fruit to the presence of N. haematococca during postharvest storage. Soursop fruits were inoculated with the pathogen and total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity by Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•+), and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), as well as enzymatic activity and transcript levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were evaluated at 1, 3, and 5 days of storage. The noninoculated fruits were the controls of the experiment. The highest total phenol content was recorded on day one in the inoculated fruits. FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH activity presented the highest values on day three in the control fruits. Inoculated fruits recorded the highest PPO activity on day five and a five-fold induction in the PPO transcript on day three. SOD activity showed a decrease during the days of storage and 10-fold induction of SOD transcript on day three in the inoculated fruits. Principal component analysis showed that total phenols were the variable that contributed the most to the observed variations. Furthermore, a positive correlation between total phenols and SOD activity, PPO expression, and SOD expression, as well as between DPPH and FRAP, was recorded. The results showed a differential response in antioxidant capacity, enzymatic activity, and gene expression during the interaction of soursop fruits–N. haematococca at postharvest storage.

Antioxidant response of sweet pepper fruits infected with Alternaria alternata

“…22,23 The production of phytoalexins, one of the phenolic compounds toxic to many pathogens, is a systemic early response to presence of fungus and bacteria. 24 On the other hand, the non-existence of difference in TP content in Kurtovska kapia genotypes can suggest that this antioxidant response is genotype dependent, which is in agreement with Ribes-Moya et al 25 Antioxidant capacity measured by DPPH, NBT and TRC showed variability depending on genotype and treatment (Fig. 1).…”

“…In Kurtovska kapia, all antioxidant tests showed decrease in antioxidant activity in infected fruits. Rubio-Melgarejo et al 24 suggested that pathogen may manipulate the defense response, modifying the signalling network and cause decrease in the antioxidant activity. Variations in the results of antioxidant activity may be related to the different…”

Evaluation of the Amazonian fruit Ambelania acida: Chemical and nutritional studies

“…The antioxidant activities for A. acida peels was better than those of tangerine ( Citrus reticulata ) and pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) peels, which evidenced IC 50 values of 97.3 and 209.6 µg/mL, respectively (Campos et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2006). Additionally, the ABTS method evidenced better antioxidant activity in the fruit pulp of A. acida as compared to the fruits of “mangaba” (IC 50 value of 394.5 g/mL) as well as karonda ( Carissa carandas ) and soursop ( Annona muricata ) which had IC 50 values of 101.77 and 160.0 g/mL, respectively (Rubio‐Melgarejo et al., 2021; Sarkar et al., 2018; Sergio et al., 2020).…”

Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Soursop Fruits (Annona muricata L.) during Postharvest in Nayarit, Mexico

“…Furthermore, Hernández-Guerrero et al [37] isolated and identified the pathogen N. haematococca in soursop fruits using morphological and molecular tools. Indeed, Rubio-Melgarejo et al [38] showed that N. haematococca attacks soursop fruits and stimulates the antioxidative system during ripening. Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. wollenwebe, and F. reinking species have also been identified as soursop pathogens [39].…”