Differential regulation of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 upon Salmonella infection in the intestinal epithelial cell line IPI-2I

Veldhuizen, Edwin J.A.; Hendriks, Henno; Hogenkamp, Astrid; Dijk, Albert van; Gaastra, Wim; Tooten, P. C. J.; Haagsman, Henk P.

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.012

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Zhang et al (8) and Elahi et al (33) previously showed pBD-1 to be constitutively expressed in different tissues (8). However, induction of pBD-1 mRNA expression may also be stimulated upon exposure to food contaminants or enteric pathogens (10,33,34) and is in line with our data, which show pBD-1 mRNA expression was upregulated following exposure to DON, NIV, ZEA, and FB1, individually and in mixtures. Elevated expression of pBD-1 in, for example, IECs may play a potential role in surveillance and maintenance of a homeostatic state of microflora on the mucosal epithelium and may be significant in preventing the development or progression of diseases (33,35,36).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Following treatment with most toxins, mRNA expression was significantly affected for both genes, though cell supernatant levels of pBD-1 and pBD-2 were not significantly changed. In this study, the expression of pBD-1 and pBD-2 was shown to be low and is similar to what has been reported for other cells (10,24,31). It has previously been suggested that this basal level of expression may reflect a potential for upregulation of these defensins upon bacterial infection, and upregulation of these defensins has been reported following Salmonella infection (10,24).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…To date, regulation of pBD-1 and pBD-2 levels has been described at the transcriptional level (10,12,24,31), with little data on posttranscriptional regulation available (40). Thus, we investigated the protein levels of pBD-1 and pBD-2 present in cell supernatants and compared them with our transcriptional data obtained by qPCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The members are mainly expressed in epithelial cells of organs exposed to the external environment, such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract (10). Dynamic regulation of ␤-defensins has been shown in various models of gastrointestinal illnesses and inflammation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Campylobacter jejuni was shown to induce bactericidal human ␤-defensins 2 and 3 (hBD-2 and hBD-3) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) (11). Reports have also demonstrated that Salmonella infection differentially affected the expression of porcine ␤-defensin 1 (pBD-1) and pBD-2 mRNA transcript levels in porcine ileum and jejunum epithelial cells (10,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of Porcine β-Defensins 1 and 2 upon Individual and Combined Fusarium Toxin Exposure in a Swine Jejunal Epithelial Cell Line

Wan

Woo

Allen

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dDefensins are small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune system of mammals. Since the effect of mycotoxin contamination of food and feed on the secretion of intestinal AMPs is poorly understood, the aim of this study was to elucidate the individual and combined effects of four common Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the mRNA expression, protein secretion, and corresponding antimicrobial effects of porcine ␤-defensins 1 and 2 (pBD-1 and pBD-2) using a porcine jejunal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2. In general, upregulation of pBD-1 and pBD-2 mRNA expression occurred following exposure to Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures (P < 0.05). However, no significant increase in secreted pBD-1 and pBD-2 protein levels was observed, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Supernatants from IPEC-J2 cells exposed to toxins, singly or in combination, however, possessed significantly less antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli than untreated supernatants. When single toxins and two-toxin combinations were assessed, toxicity effects were shown to be nonadditive (including synergism, potentiation, and antagonism), suggesting interactive toxin effects when cells are exposed to mycotoxin combinations. The results show that Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures, activate distinct antimicrobial defense mechanisms possessing the potential to alter the intestinal microbiota through diminished antimicrobial effects. Moreover, by evaluating toxin mixtures, this improved understanding of toxin effects will enable more effective risk assessments for common mycotoxin combinations observed in contaminated food and feed.

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