Differential Patterns of Memory Loss Among Patients With Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome

Moss, Mark B.; Albert, Marilyn; Butters, Nelson; Payne, Melanie

doi:10.1001/archneur.1986.00520030031008

Cited by 324 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…However, we showed for the first time that excitotoxic lesion of the dorsal HP impairs novel object discrimination in the high memory load condition, and thus reduces the object memory span of mice to four objects. Altogether, these results shed novel light on the role of the HP in item memory and on its potential role in mediating memory span deficit affecting human pathologies, such as aging, Alzheimer's disease, Korsakoff's syndrome, and schizophrenia (Moss et al 1986;Nilsson 2003;Hill et al 2010). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Sannino¹,

Russo²,

Torromino³

et al. 2012

Learn. Mem.

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The dorsal hippocampus is crucial for mammalian spatial memory, but its exact role in item memory is still hotly debated. Recent evidence in humans suggested that the hippocampus might be selectively involved in item short-term memory to deal with an increasing memory load. In this study, we sought to test this hypothesis. To this aim we developed a novel behavioral procedure to study object memory load in mice by progressively increasing the stimulus set size in the spontaneous object recognition task. Using this procedure, we demonstrated that naive mice have a memory span, which is the number of elements they can remember for a short-time interval, of about six objects. Then, we showed that excitotoxic selective lesions of the dorsal hippocampus did not impair novel object discrimination in the condition of low memory load. In contrast, the same lesion impaired novel object discrimination in the high memory load condition, and reduced the object memory span to four objects. These results have important heuristic and clinical implications because they open new perspective toward the understanding of the role of the hippocampus in item memory and in memory span deficits occurring in human pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.[Supplemental material is available for this article.]The dorsal hippocampus-HP (the CA fields, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex) is generally crucial for mammalian memory, but its exact role in memory formation is still hotly debated around a conspicuous number of rival theories. Although, in the early 1980s, Olton and colleagues (Wible et al. 1992;Wan et al. 1994) showed that HP lesions produced an impairment on both spatial and nonspatial memory independently on the retention time interval, converging evidence presented a dichotomous view between spatial and item memory (Brown and Aggleton 2001), and between short-term (STM) and long-term (LTM) memory (Shrager et al. 2008), regarding the role of the HP. Brown and Aggleton (2001) proposed that the HP is essential for associational, multi-item, re-collective aspects of recognition memory, but has little or no involvement for single item recognition, which would be mediated by the perirhinal cortex. Squire and colleagues (Broadbent et al. 2004), in contrast, suggested that the HP is selectively involved in LTM, and not in STM or working memory (WM), independently of the nature of the information.Studies in rodents unequivocally demonstrated that HP lesions impair memory consolidation of newly acquired spatial information, and quite consistently affect spatial STM, thus suggesting that the HP is involved in spatial memory

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Sannino¹,

Russo²,

Torromino³

et al. 2012

Learn. Mem.

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“…We have argued that the retention deficit in preclinical and early AD is best examined with memory tests like FCSR, which control attention and initial processing to obtain maximum learning, which is the basis for subsequent retention (Grober & Kawas, 1997). Measuring retention of inadequately learned material can lead to contradictory results as previous studies on forgetting in early AD have shown (e.g., Becker et al, 1987;Moss et al, 1986).…”

Section: E Grober Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory impairment, executive dysfunction, and intellectual decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease

Grober

Hall

Lipton

et al. 2008

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

349

314

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In the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), we examined the temporal unfolding of declining performance on tests of episodic memory (Free Recall on the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test), executive function (Category Fluency, Letter Fluency, and Trails), and Verbal Intelligence (Nelson, 1982; American Version of the Nelson Adult Reading Test [AMNART] ) before the diagnosis of dementia in 92 subjects with incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) followed for up to 15 years before diagnosis. To examine the preclinical onset of cognitive decline, we aligned subjects at the time of initial AD diagnosis and examined the cognitive course preceding diagnosis. We found that declines in performance on tests of episodic memory accelerated 7 years before diagnosis. Declining performance on tests of executive function accelerated 2-3 years before diagnosis, and verbal intelligence declined in close proximity to diagnosis. This cognitive profile is compatible with pathologic data suggesting that structures which mediate memory are affected earlier than frontal structures during the preclinical onset of AD. It also supports the view that VIQ as estimated by the AMNART does not decline during the preclinical onset of AD. (JINS, 2008, 14, 266-278.)

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“…ITI inter-trial interval, + rewarded stimulus, − unrewarded stimulus . This test has been used in Alzheimer's disease patients as well as in healthy, high-functioning elderly people to assess memory function (Inouye et al 1993;Moss et al 1986).…”

Section: Delayed Recognition Span Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal and morphological bases of cognitive decline in aged rhesus monkeys

Hara

Rapp

Morrison

2011

AGE

120

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Rhesus monkeys provide a valuable model for studying the basis of cognitive aging because they are vulnerable to age-related decline in executive function and memory in a manner similar to humans. Some of the behavioral tasks sensitive to the effects of aging are the delayed response working memory test, recognition memory tests including the delayed nonmatching-to-sample and the delayed recognition span task, and tests of executive function including reversal learning and conceptual set-shifting task. Much effort has been directed toward discovering the neurobiological parameters that are coupled to individual differences in age-related cognitive decline. Area 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been extensively studied for its critical role in executive function while the hippocampus and related cortical regions have been a major target of research for memory function. Some of the key age-related changes in area 46 include decreases in volume, microcolumn strength, synapse density, and α1-and α2-adrenergic receptor binding densities. All of these measures significantly correlate with cognitive scores. Interestingly, the critical synaptic subtypes associated with cognitive function appear to be different between the dlPFC and the hippocampus. For example, the dendritic spine subtype most critical to task acquisition and vulnerable to aging in area 46 is the thin spine, whereas in the dentate gyrus, the density of AGE (2012) large mushroom spines with perforated synapses correlates with memory performance. This review summarizes age-related changes in anatomical, neuronal, and synaptic parameters within brain areas implicated in cognition and whether these changes are associated with cognitive decline.

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Differential Patterns of Memory Loss Among Patients With Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome

Cited by 324 publications

References 42 publications

Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Role of the dorsal hippocampus in object memory load

Memory impairment, executive dysfunction, and intellectual decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease

Neuronal and morphological bases of cognitive decline in aged rhesus monkeys

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