Differential parasitological, molecular, and serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi I, II, and IV in blood of experimentally infected mice

Teston, Ana Paula Margioto; Abreu, Ana Paula de; Gruendling, Ana Paula; Bahia, Maria Terezinha; Gomes, Mônica Lúcia; Araújo, Silvana Márques de; Toledo, Max Jean de Ornelas

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.013

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Diagnosis of trypanosome infection in sylvatic mammals is made mainly through hemoculture and fresh blood smears examination. Positive fresh blood smears and hemocultures display low sensitivity, but are irreplaceable tools that indicate the competence of the animal to be a source of infection for the vector (Gomes et al, 1999; Siriano et al, 2011; Teston et al, 2016; Jansen et al, 2018). The isolation and maintenance methods allow further morphological and biological studies, but exert selective pressure on the subpopulations of the parasite, favoring some and excluding others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Rodrigues

Lima

Xavier

et al. 2019

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Trypanosoma spp. infection in wild mammals is detected mainly through parasitological tests that usually display low sensitivity. We propose the use of DNA extracted directly from blood clots (BC), which are neglected sources of DNA for diagnosis and identification of Trypanosoma spp. This approach followed by nested PCR targeting the 18S SSU rDNA demonstrated to be sensitive and suitable to evaluate the diversity of trypanosomes infecting sylvatic mammals, including subpatent and mixed infections. Infection was detected in 95/120 (79.2%) samples from bats, carnivores and marsupials that included negative serological and hemoculture testing mammals. Thirteen Trypanosoma spp. or Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were identified, including two new MOTUs. The high diversity of trypanosomes species and MOTUs infecting bats and marsupials showed that these hosts can be considered as bio-accumulators of Trypanosoma spp., with specimens of Didelphis spp. displaying the highest trypanosome diversity. The use of blood clots allowed direct access to non-culturable parasites, mixed infections, besides bypassing the selective pressure on the parasites inherent to cultivation procedures. Trypanosoma cruzi was the species found infecting the highest number of individuals, followed by T. lainsoni. Positive PCR for T. cruzi was observed in 16 seronegative individuals and 30 individuals with negative hemocultures. Also, T. lainsoni , previously found only in rodents, showed to be capable of infecting bats and marsupials. This finding makes it clear that some species of Trypanosoma are more generalist than previously thought. Molecular diagnosis using nested PCR from DNA extracted from BC allowed the increase of the knowledge about host-spectrum and distribution of Trypanosoma spp. and allowed the identification of new MOTUs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Rodrigues

Lima

Xavier

et al. 2019

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…The antibodies present in the sample bind to the plaque antigens and are revealed by addition of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies conjugated to an enzyme that, in contact with its substrate, donates electrons making the chromogen added change the color. The performance of the different diagnostic kits for chagasic infection has shown a sensitivity of 97.7 to 100% and specificity of 93.3 to 100% [73][74][75][76]. Moreover, it has the characteristic of being easy to manipulation and requires a small amount of sample.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Chagas Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the existence of serological tests presenting desirable performance (high sensitivity and specificity), there is a necessity for confirmation of inconclusive results. Thus, Western blot is the technique of choice for this purpose, because PCR still requires standardized protocols and presents a sensitivity of only 80% [76,86]. TESA-blot employs excretory antigens that are secreted, originated from T. cruzi trypomastigotes of strain Y transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane, where antibodies (sample) can bind and be revealed by the addition of anti-IgG antibodies conjugated to enzyme.…”

Section: Gr Up Smmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chagas Disease and Transfusion Transmission: A Review

Miguel¹,

Mendes²,

Costa³

et al. 2017

SM Trop Med J

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Chagas Disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a medical and social problem of great importance in Brazil and a serious public health problem in Latin America. The World Health Organization estimates that the T. cruzi infection affects about 7 million of people in 15 countries, with an annual incidence of 200,000 cases. In this context, is worth mentioning the main forms of transmission of CD: contaminated excreta of vector (triatomine) at the moment of the blood repast and secondary transmission routes as: Oral intake of food contaminated with triatomine excreta infected, labs accident and blood transfusion. The last one, was a reason of disease transmission to many people until it was discovered that the parasite could be found in the bloodstream of the individual with the disease and during blood transfusion, these infecting forms would be transferred to the blood receiver of a contaminated individual that can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Evaluating the methods available for the diagnosis of CD, serological tests are methods of choice in clinical laboratories and blood banks, because they have the highest sensitivity coefficients, which allow avoiding with greater reliability the transmission by blood transfusion. However, for the serological control of CD on blood banks, it is necessary to seek tests that show 100% of sensitivity and specificity to protect the blood transfusion receivers, furthermore to identifying a donor as a CD holder, ruling out cases of false positive. Nowadays, the serological diagnosis of Chagas' infection still presents some limitations such as the presence of inconclusive and false-positive results (due to cross-reactions with other parasitic diseases). This is a big concern of blood banks throughout the country, because the tests used today have a great sensitivity, however may erroneously exclude some blood donors able. After some years of discovery of this type of transmission, this subject is considered a public health problem nowadays due to the fact to cause great damage by the discard of supposedly contaminated blood bags; as well causing psychic problems for volunteers who believe have a serious and no cure illness.

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“…Immediately after their transmission by the insect vector (Box 1 ), parasites have to resist innate immunity and develop either intracellularly ( Leishmania and T. cruzi ) where the parasites are no longer flagellated, or extracellularly in the blood flow (bloodstream forms of T. brucei ). The diagnostic stage of the parasites relies on the presence of bloodstream forms of T. brucei gambiense , or amastigotes of Leishmania and T. cruzi in the vertebrate host ( 5 , 30 , 31 ). Parasite dissemination in their mammalian host occurs after lysis of the host cells ( Leishmania and T. cruzi ), then both intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania and bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi and T. brucei sp.…”

Section: Life Cycles: Parasites–hosts–vectors Common and Divergent Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids

et al. 2016

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The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas’ disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts’ immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host’s immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite–host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites–hosts–vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.

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Differential parasitological, molecular, and serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi I, II, and IV in blood of experimentally infected mice

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Uncovering Trypanosoma spp. diversity of wild mammals by the use of DNA from blood clots

Chagas Disease and Transfusion Transmission: A Review

Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids

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