“…Non-transgenic animal models of AD are also available for the study of AD. Bilateral stereotaxic injection of Aβ(1–42) oligomers into the hippocampus of Sprague–Dawley rats induces memory deficits and histopathological alterations in the brains of animals ( More et al, 2018 ; Concha-Miranda et al, 2020 ). In this animal model the administration of intraperitoneal nicotinamide for 7 days was associated with downregulation of the elevated levels of PARP-1, as well as of NF-κB, p53, Bax and oxidative stress parameters ( Turunc Bayrakdar et al, 2014 ).…”