“…Similarly, stromal cell derived factor and its receptor CXCR4 form a critical regulatory axis for HSC migration, engraftment and homing [88][89][90][91][92], and also function in the metastasis of breast, prostate and other types of cancer [73,[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), belongs to a family of MMPs that plays a critical role during cancer cell invasion [101][102][103][104], and it is also involved in HSC homing and migration [105][106][107]. In addition to providing niches for HSCs, skeletal bones are also the most common sites for cancer metastasis [108].…”
Section: Stem Cell Niche and Tumor Migrationmentioning
“…Similarly, stromal cell derived factor and its receptor CXCR4 form a critical regulatory axis for HSC migration, engraftment and homing [88][89][90][91][92], and also function in the metastasis of breast, prostate and other types of cancer [73,[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), belongs to a family of MMPs that plays a critical role during cancer cell invasion [101][102][103][104], and it is also involved in HSC homing and migration [105][106][107]. In addition to providing niches for HSCs, skeletal bones are also the most common sites for cancer metastasis [108].…”
Section: Stem Cell Niche and Tumor Migrationmentioning
“…Variable expression levels of MMP-2 and -9 could be detected in conditioned media of myeloid cell lines [177][178][179][180][181][182][183]. The capability of penetrating matrigel in an invasion assay by KG-1 could be partially blocked by TIMP-2 and an MMP-2 antibody, but not by an MMP-9 antibody, indicating that in vitro invasion largely depends on MMP-2 activity [181].…”
Section: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Aml)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, normal CD34 + bone marrow mononuclear cells are capable of expressing MMP-9, with an adequate stimulus [61,179,[186][187][188]. Some articles have suggested that MMP-9 expression might be involved in physiological processes, e.g.…”
Section: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Aml)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…So far, it is known that leukemic cells are capable of expressing MMP-2 and/or -9. Many studies show a reflection of MMP-2 and/or -9 with invasive behavior in ALL and AML cell lines [15,[174][175][176][177][178][179][180]184,187]. No MMP-2 expression can be detected in normal bone marrow mononuclear cells.…”
“…MMP-12 increases the invasive capacity of PC3 cells by degradation of type 1 collagen [42]. Interestingly SDF-1 mediated secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by CD34 + progenitor stem cells facilitates in vitro migration of these cells towards SDF-1 [43].…”
Section: Degradation Of the Local Stroma In Preparation For Metastasimentioning
A variety of tumor cells preferentially home to the bone. The homing of cancer cells to the bone represents a multi-step process that involves malignant progression of the tumor, invasion of the tumor through the extracellular matrix and the blood vessels and settling of the tumor cells in the bone. Gaining a greater understanding as to the mechanisms used by cancer cells in these processes will facilitate the design of drugs which could specifically target the homing process. In this review we will discuss the properties of tumor cells and the bone microenvironment which promote homing of a cancer cell to the bone. We will highlight the different steps and the molecular pathways involved when a cancer cell metastasize to the bone. Since bone is the major home for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), we will also highlight the similarities between the homing of cancer and HSC to the bone. Finally we will conclude with therapeutic and early detection strategies which can prevent homing of a cancer cell to the bone.
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