Differential Kinetics of Immune Responses Elicited by Covid-19 Vaccines

Collier, Ai‐ris Y.; Yu, Jingyou; McMahan, Katherine; Liu, Jinyan; Chandrashekar, Abishek; Maron, Jenny S; Atyeo, Caroline; Martinez, David R.; Ansel, Jessica L.; Aguayo, Ricardo; Rowe, Marjorie; Jacob-Dolan, Catherine; Sellers, Daniel; Barrett, Julia; Ahmad, Kunza; Anioke, Tochi; VanWyk, Haley; Gardner, Sarah; Powers, Olivia; Bondzie, Esther A.; Wan, Huahua; Baric, Ralph S.; Alter, Galit; Hacker, Michele R.; Barouch, Dan H.

doi:10.1056/nejmc2115596

Cited by 250 publications

(312 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Seven months after the first vaccination in COVID-naive patients, the RBD antibody titer decreases with a median BAU/ml of 30 and only 9.5% of patients above the theoretical protective threshold of 141 BAU/ml. A drop by a factor of 20 compared to the peak values wich is consistent with the literature 5 . In COVID-19 patients, a median 56 BAU/ml is observed at three months with 33.3% of patients above the threshold of 141 BAU/ml.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Humoral immune response after COVID-19 infection or BNT162b2 vaccine among older adults: evolution over time and protective thresholds

Meyer

Constancias

Worth

et al. 2021

Preprint

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INTRODUCTIONThe objectives of this study were to assess the dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG response over time among older people after COVID-19 infection or vaccination and its comparison with speculative levels of protection assumed by current data.METHODSFrom November 2020 to October 2021, we included geriatric patients with serological test results for COVID-19.We considered antibody titre thresholds thought to be high enough to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection: 141 BAU/ml for protection/vaccine efficacy > 89.3%.Three cohorts are presented. A vaccine group (n=34) that received two BNT162b2/Comirnaty injections 21 days apart, a group of natural COVID-19 infection (n=32) and a third group who contracted COVID-19 less than 15 days after the first BNT162b2/Comirnaty injection (n=17).RESULTS83 patients were included, the median age was 87 (81-91) years.In the vaccine group at 1 month since the first vaccination, the median BAU/ml with IQR was 620 (217-1874) with 87% of patients above the threshold of 141 BAU/ml. Seven months after the first vaccination the BAU/ml was 30 (19-58) with 9.5% of patients above the threshold of 141 BAU/ml.In the natural COVID-19 infection group, at 1 month since the date of first symptom onset, the median BAU/ml was 798 (325-1320) with 86.7% of patients above the threshold of 141 BAU/ml and fell to 88 (37-385) with 42.9% of patients above the threshold of 141 BAU/ml at 2 months. The natural infection group was vaccinated three months after the infection. Five months after the end of the vaccination cycle the BAU/ml was 2048 (471-4386) with 83.3% of patients above the threshold of 141 BAU/ml.DISCUSSIONOn the humoral level, this supports the clinical results describing the decrease in vaccine protection over time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Humoral immune response after COVID-19 infection or BNT162b2 vaccine among older adults: evolution over time and protective thresholds

Meyer

Constancias

Worth

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…We found a substantial decline in levels of IgG directed towards the RBD of the spike protein S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 from peak values one month after the second dose of the ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine. We noted a sharper decay rate of 72% compared to the 29% decay rate reported for people receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine and the 17% decay rate for people receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) vaccines are nothing short of a miracle story halting the pandemic across the globe. Nearly half of the global population has received at least one dose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and originated in China in late 2019. This zoonotic virus primarily affects the respiratory system and causes an illness similar to influenza, but in some cases, patients develop atypical pneumonia, respiratory failure, and approximately 2-3% of cases result in death [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waning of Anti-spike Antibodies in AZD1222 (ChAdOx1) Vaccinated Healthcare Providers: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Mishra¹,

Pradhan²,

Pati³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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ConclusionWe found a substantial decline in antibody levels leading to seven cases of seroreversion in healthcare professionals who received the ChAdOx1 vaccine. History of prior COVID-19 was the only significant factor in antibody levels at six months. Seroreversion and breakthrough infection warrant further research into the optimal timing and potential benefits of booster doses of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1) COVID-19 vaccine.

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“…Eight months after vaccination, antibodies decreased by a factor of 34 for BNT and 44 for Moderna vaccine. In contrast, antiviral T cell responses were maintained (Collier et al ., 2021 ).…”

Section: Clinical Vaccination Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19: a showcase for the importance of microbial biotechnology

Brüssow

2021

Microbial Biotechnology

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Summary Pfizer‐BioNTech and Moderna developed in record time mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19 of high efficacy. The modest protection achieved with a similarly designed mRNA from CureVac underlines the importance of biotechnological details in formulation such as replacement of uridine by pseudouridine in the mRNA encoding the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein or the lipid composition of the nanoparticle coating the mRNA. Phase 3 vaccine trials and vaccine studies in special subject groups as well observational studies in whole populations confirmed the real‐world vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease, particularly against severe COVID‐19 cases and to a lesser extent against mild SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. mRNA vaccine protection extended also to the alpha and beta variant viruses. The surge of delta variants led to an increase of infections and cases even in populations which achieved high vaccine coverage. This efficacy decline resulted to a lesser extent from a weaker neutralization of the delta variant but mostly from a waning vaccine protection over time. Data from Israel documented the efficacy of a third ‘booster’ injection 5 months after the second injection in older segments of the population. Adverse reactions consisted of transient injection site pain, headache, muscle pain, fatigue, fever and chills. Extensive surveillance studies documented a good safety profile revealing only a non‐significant increase in transient facial nerve paralysis and a significant, but modest increase in myocarditis in vaccinated young males that was lower than the myocarditis risk induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

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Differential Kinetics of Immune Responses Elicited by Covid-19 Vaccines

Cited by 250 publications

References 3 publications

Humoral immune response after COVID-19 infection or BNT162b2 vaccine among older adults: evolution over time and protective thresholds

Humoral immune response after COVID-19 infection or BNT162b2 vaccine among older adults: evolution over time and protective thresholds

Waning of Anti-spike Antibodies in AZD1222 (ChAdOx1) Vaccinated Healthcare Providers: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19: a showcase for the importance of microbial biotechnology

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