Differential involvement of the central amygdala in appetitive versus aversive learning

Knapska, Ewelina; Walasek, G; Nikolaev, Evgeni; Neuhäusser-Wespy, Frieder; Lipp, Hans‐Peter; Kaczmarek, Leszek; Werka, Tomasz

doi:10.1101/lm.54706

Cited by 111 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…However, lesions of the ACe have been shown to disrupt Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (Hall et al, 2001), appetitive Pavlovian conditioning (Hall et al, 2001), and conditioned approach to an appetitive stimulus (Hitchcott and Phillips, 1998). Consistent with these observations, c-fos is activated within the ACe during appetitive conditioning, which further suggests a role of the ACe in appetitive learning (Knapska et al, 2006). Therefore, the observed effects of ACe inactivation on operant responding for sucrose suggest a role of the ACe in appetitive conditioning.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Individual Differences in Amphetamine Self-Administration: The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Cain

Denehy

Bardo

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Rats categorized as high responder (HR), based on their activity in an inescapable novel environment, self-administer more amphetamine than low responder (LR) rats. The current study examined if the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) contributes to the elevated response for amphetamine in HR rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified as HR and LR rats based on their activity in inescapable novelty and novelty place preference, and then were trained to self-administer amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg/infusion). Once stable responding was achieved, rats received microinfusions of the GABA A agonist muscimol (0.5 mg/0.5 ml) or phosphate-buffered saline into the ACe immediately before self-administration of amphetamine (0.1, 0.03, 0.01, or 0.001 mg/kg/infusion) or saline. An additional group of rats was trained to lever press for sucrose rather than amphetamine. Based on the inescapable novelty test, HR rats self-administered more amphetamine than LR rats at the 0.03 and 0.01 mg/kg/infusion unit doses; there were no significant individual differences in amphetamine self-administration based on the novelty place preference test. Inactivation of the ACe with muscimol decreased selfadministration at the 0.03 and 0.01 mg/kg/infusion unit doses in HR rats, but had no effect on LR rats. ACe inactivation had no reliable effect on inactive lever responding and appeared to be region specific based on anatomical controls. In addition, while inactivation of the ACe decreased responding for sucrose, inactivation did not differentially affect HR and LR rats. These results suggest that the ACe contributes to the elevated rate of amphetamine self-administration in HR rats.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Individual Differences in Amphetamine Self-Administration: The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Cain

Denehy

Bardo

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The adaptation period started with 24 h of access to ad lib regular 2006). Another system, the IntelliCage, allows automated cognitive and behavioral screening of mice living in social groups-for example, implementing learning tasks (Knapska et al, 2006). Both systems are highly versatile and detailed in monitoring and testing behavior.…”

Section: Protocol Of the Id Task For Testing Impulsivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Home cage testing of delay discounting in rats

Koot

Adriani

Saso

et al. 2009

Behavior Research Methods

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Testing rodents in their home cages has become increasingly popular. Since human intervention, handling, and transport are minimized, behavior can be recorded undisturbed and continuously. Currently existing home cage systems are too complex if only relatively simple operant-learning tests are to be carried out in rats. For that purpose, a new low-cost computer-controlled operant panel was designed, which can be placed inside the home cage. A pilot study was carried out, using an intolerance-to-delay protocol, classically developed for testing behavioral impulsivity. Male adult rats were tested in their home cages, containing the operant panel provided with nose-poking holes. Nose poking in one hole resulted in the immediate delivery of one food pellet (small-soon, SS), whereas nose poking in the other hole delivered five food pellets after a delay (large-late), which was increased progressively each day (0-150 sec). The two daily sessions, spaced 8 h apart, lasted 1 h each, and the time-out after food delivery was 90 sec. A clear-cut shift toward preference for SS, which is considered a classical index of cognitive impulsivity, was shown at the longest delay. It is noteworthy that rats shifted when the delay interval was longer than the mean intertrial interval-that is, when they experienced more than one delay-equivalent odds against discounting (see Adriani & Laviola, 2006). The shortened training (2 days) and testing (5 days) phases, as allowed by prolonged and multiple daily sessions, can be advantageous in testing rodents during selected short phases of development. Current research is focusing on further validation of this and similar protocols

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“…The mice were tested in a novel automated learning apparatus, an IntelliCage system, from NewBehavior AG (Galsworthy et al 2005;Knapska et al 2006). A week before the experiment the mice were exposed to isoflurane anesthesia and injected with a glasscovered microtransponder (11.5 mm length, 2.2 mm diameter; Trovan, ID-100) with a unique code.…”

Section: Intellicagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, D2 KO mice and WT controls were tested in a newly developed automated learning apparatus, IntelliCage system (Galsworthy et al 2005;Knapska et al 2006; www.newbehavior. com), a group-housing cage that is also a recording and testing apparatus, automatically gathering data of an individual mouse's visits to four corners and eight bottles (two bottles per corner).…”

Section: D2 Ko Mice Show Learning In Intellicagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

New hippocampal neurons are not obligatory for memory formation; cyclin D2 knockout mice with no adult brain neurogenesis show learning

Jaholkowski¹,

Kiryk²,

Jedynak³

et al. 2009

Learn. Mem.

Self Cite

118

124

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The role of adult brain neurogenesis (generating new neurons) in learning and memory appears to be quite firmly established in spite of some criticism and lack of understanding of what the new neurons serve the brain for. Also, the few experiments showing that blocking adult neurogenesis causes learning deficits used irradiation and various drugs known for their side effects and the results obtained vary greatly. We used a novel approach, cyclin D2 knockout mice (D2 KO mice), specifically lacking adult brain neurogenesis to verify its importance in learning and memory. D2 KO mice and their wild-type siblings were tested in several behavioral paradigms, including those in which the role of adult neurogenesis has been postulated. D2 KO mice showed no impairment in sensorimotor tests, with only sensory impairment in an olfaction-dependent task. However, D2 KO mice showed proper procedural learning as well as learning in context (including remote memory), cue, and trace fear conditioning, Morris water maze, novel object recognition test, and in a multifunctional behavioral system-IntelliCages. D2 KO mice also demonstrated correct reversal learning. Our results suggest that adult brain neurogenesis is not obligatory in learning, including the kinds of learning where the role of adult neurogenesis has previously been strongly suggested.New neurons are produced in the brains of adult animals, including humans, throughout their lifespan (Altman 1963;Eriksson et al. 1998). Since one of the sites of adult brain neurogenesis is hippocampal formation, a brain structure involved in learning and memory, new neurons were expected to be involved in these phenomena. Following years of research, adult brain neurogenesis, along with synaptic strengthening, synaptic elimination/ weakening, and synaptogenesis are now regarded as four major types of plasticity required for formation and retention of memories (Bruel-Jungerman et al. 2007). However, the very evidence for the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in learning and memory remains limited, and in most cases, indirect (Leuner et al. We showed before (Kowalczyk et al. 2004) that cyclin D2, a protein involved in cell cycle regulation, is the only cyclin D (out of D1, D2, and D3) expressed in wild-type (WT) hippocampal neuronal progenitors expanded in vitro into neurospheres. Furthermore, careful analysis of the brains of cyclin D2 knockout mice (D2 KO mice) failed to reveal BrdU-positive neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. We were also unsuccessful in increasing the number of newly generated cells in the hippocampus by a variety of stimulations, including introducing the mice to a novel environment, or even by a local brain injury. Notably, while adult brain neurogenesis of D2 KO mice is missing, their developmental neurogenesis allows for the formation of the brain, with all of the major structures present, though some of them are smaller. Also, neurogenesis outside of the central nervous system seems to be unaffected in these mice (Kowalczyk et al. 20...

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Differential involvement of the central amygdala in appetitive versus aversive learning

Cited by 111 publications

References 50 publications

Individual Differences in Amphetamine Self-Administration: The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Individual Differences in Amphetamine Self-Administration: The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

Home cage testing of delay discounting in rats

New hippocampal neurons are not obligatory for memory formation; cyclin D2 knockout mice with no adult brain neurogenesis show learning

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