Differential induction of glucose‐regulated and heat shock proteins: Effects of pH and sulfhydryl‐reducing agents on chicken embryo cells

Abstract

Glucose-regulated and heat shock proteins are two subsets of eukaryotic stress proteins that can be induced differentially, simultaneously, and reciprocally. Two new inducers, low extracellular pH and 2-mercaptoethanol, that stimulate chicken embryo cells to synthesize glucose-regulated proteins rapidly were found. Two classes of cellular targets for mercaptoethanol were defined operationally, one dependent on and the other independent of protein synthesis. A new inducer of heat shock proteins, high extracellular pH, was found as well. Inductions by low and high extracellular pH were inhibited by actinomycin D but were insensitive to cycloheximide. Inductions of glucose-regulated and heat shock proteins are discussed in terms of changes in intracellular pH and sulfhydryl oxidation states.

Glucose starvation and acidosis: effect on experimental metastatic potential, DNA content and MTX resistance of murine tumour cells

“…However, the changes in metastatic potential associated with differences in cell cycle position are small (between 0.5 to 2-fold for KHT cells) compared to those observed here (Young & Hill, 1990a (Young et al, 1988). A possible link between these observations is that all three conditions are known to induce a set of stress proteins, the so-called glucose regulated proteins (Shen et al, 1987;Whelan & Hightower, 1985). These cellular proteins were first noted in virally transformed cells and later found to be also induced by glucose starvation of cells .…”

“…These cellular proteins were first noted in virally transformed cells and later found to be also induced by glucose starvation of cells . During the recovery from anoxia and glucose starvation but not following low pH (Whelan & Hightower, 1985) cells repress glucose regulated proteins and induce the major heat shock proteins (Sciandra & Subjeck, 1983;Sciandra et al, 1984). Although not much is known about the function of stress proteins, the fact that cells induce these proteins in response to certain environmental stresses suggests that they may play a role in assisting cells to cope with such adverse situations (Subjeck & Shyy, 1986;Pelham, 1986;Lee, 1987;Welch, 1987).…”

“…Since both glucose starvation and acidosis (Whelan & Hightower, 1985) are known to induce the expression of glucose regulated stress proteins, we also …”

Replicating adenoviral vector–mediated transfer of a heat-inducible double suicide gene for gene therapy

“…Promoters from several stress -inducible proteins may be suitable for this purpose. For example, glucose deprivation, chronic anoxia, and acidic pH, known to persist in solid tumors with poor vascularization, induce several stress -inducible proteins such as glucose -regulated proteins ( GRPs ), 2,3 oxygen -regulated proteins ( ORPs ), 4 ± 6 heat shock proteins ( HSPs ), 7 erythropoietin ( EPO ), 8 vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ), 9 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF ). 10 Several researchers have also demonstrated that the early response genes c -jun, Egr-1, gadd45, and c -fos are induced following exposure of mammalian cells to ionizing radiation.…”

Reduction of trans-4,5-Dihydroxy-1,2-dithiane by Cellular Oxidoreductases Activates gadd153/chop andgrp78 Transcription and Induces Cellular Tolerance in Kidney Epithelial Cells

“…For example, organic thiols increase expression of the glucose-regulated protein grp78 and gadd153 genes (19 -22). gadd153, also called chop for C/EBP homologous protein, is a member of the C/EBP gene family of transcription factors (23,24) and is particularly interesting because, unlike grp78 (20), it is activated by either oxidative or reductive stress (22,25,26).…”