Differential histological, cellular and organism-wide response of earthworms exposed to multi-layer graphenes with different morphologies and hydrophobicity

A critical review of the environmental impacts of manufactured nano-objects on earthworm species

“…Mechanical exfoliation techniques are used to generate graphene sheets having a highly ordered structure, high surface areas (2630 m 2 g -1 ), high Young's modulus (1 TPa), high thermal conductivity (5000 W mK -1 ), strong chemical durability and high electron mobility (2.5 105 cm 2 V 1 s 1 ) (Sherlala et al, 2018). It has been reported that multi-layer GO with a range of morphologies and hydrophobicity have different toxic effects on earthworm species (Zhang et al, 2020b). Metabolite levels of alanine, phenylalanine, proline, and glutamate in juvenile of E. fetida changed significantly after 7 days exposure to GO-MNOs at 300 mg kg -1 (Zhang et al, 2020d).…”