Differential expression of three T lymphocyte-activating CXC chemokines by human atheroma-associated cells

Pharmacological Characterization of CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 Ligands and a Small Molecule Antagonist

“…Our results are consistent with reports of CXCR3 ligand expression under pathological conditions such as during allograft rejection ) and in inflamed synovial tissue and fluid from RA patients (Wedderburn et al, 2000;Patel et al, 2001;Ruth et al, 2001;Mohan et al, 2002). However, few (Mach et al, 1999;Hancock et al, 2001) have investigated the expression of all three CXCR3 ligands simultaneously.…”

Constitutive and regulated expression and secretion of interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) in human adipocytes

“…The local inflammation of epicardial fat might be most important in the context of atherosclerosis. It remains to be seen how local expression of IP-10 and other chemokines in epicardial adipocytes or atheroma-associated cells 23 and leukocyte infiltration in epicardial adipose tissue modulate cardiovascular disease risk and outcome. We investigated IP-10 expression and secretion in adipocytes, so that an activation of the cells by collagenase isolation and in vitro culture cannot be excluded.…”

“…18,19 IP-10 expression has been described in several cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes (Dufour et al 20 and references therein; 21,22 ). IP-10 may be implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, as it is expressed by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages within human atherosclerotic plaques, but not within the normal vessel wall, 23 and as patients with coronary heart disease show an enhanced expression of IP-10. 24,25 Positive correlations of IP-10 serum concentrations with body mass index (BMI) and other parameters of obesity have been reported in some, but not all studies, [25][26][27] and data regarding a potential impact of BMI on IP-10 expression on a cellular level have not been investigated.…”

Molecular characterization of the chemokine receptor CXCR3: evidence for the involvement of distinct extracellular domains in a multi‐step model of ligand binding and receptor activation

“…During the past few years, several studies have demonstrated a pathogenetic role of CXCR3 and its ligands in human inflammatory diseases [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Blockade of CXCR3 interactions with its ligands in vivo therefore represents a possible therapeutic goal for the treatment of these disorders.…”

“…To date, three major CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, have been identified, all of which are induced by interferon-+ and therefore thought to promote Th1 immune responses [9][10][11]. CXCR3 and its ligands play an important role in the induction and perpetuation of several human inflammatory disorders including autoimmune diseases, arteriosclerosis, transplant rejection and viral infections [12][13][14][15]. Recent studies have shown that the CXCR3 ligands exhibit unique temporal and spatial expression patterns, suggesting that they have nonredundant functions in vivo [16][17][18].…”