Differential Expression of Non-Coding RNAs in Stem Cell Development and Therapeutics of Bone Disorders

Abstract

Stem cells’ self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation are regulated by a complex network consisting of signaling factors, chromatin regulators, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Diverse role of ncRNAs in stem cell development and maintenance of bone homeostasis have been discovered recently. The ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, micro RNAs, circular RNAs, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNAs, etc., are not translated into proteins but act as essential epigenetic regulators in stem cells’ self-renewal and differentiation. Different signaling pathways are monitored efficiently by the differential expression of ncRNAs, which function as regulatory elements in determining the fate of stem cells. In addition, several species of ncRNAs could serve as potential molecular biomarkers in early diagnosis of bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone cancers, ultimately leading to the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to explore the specific roles of ncRNAs and their effective molecular mechanisms in the growth and development of stem cells, and in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Furthermore, we focus on and explore the association of altered ncRNA expression with stem cells and bone turnover.

Circulating serum profile of small non-coding RNAs in patients with anaphylaxis beyond microRNAs

“…However, for this purpose, it is necessary to simultaneously increase the molecular knowledge underlying the clinical reaction ( 13 ). Precisely, circulating serum sncRNAs are emerging agents that have been described as non-invasive biomarkers and as messengers in the pathophysiology of different diseases ( 25 , 26 ). Therefore, in this study, we have characterized the profile of other sncRNAs beyond miRNAs in patients with anaphylaxis.…”

Insight into Steroid-Induced ONFH: The Molecular Mechanism and Function of Epigenetic Modification in Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Only 1-2% of the human genome encodes proteins, but up to 90% of the transcripts produced by the genome have no protein-coding ability. Functionally, ncRNAs are involved in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, metabolism, and stem cell differentiation [59,60]. According to their biological functions, ncRNAs are divided into two categories: housekeeping and regulatory ncRNAs.…”