Differential Expression of &lt;I&gt;Ixodes ricinus&lt;/I&gt; Tick Genes Induced by Blood Feeding or &lt;I&gt;Borrelia burgdorferi&lt;/I&gt; Infection

Rudenko, Nataliia; Golovchenko, Maryna; Edwards, Marten J.; Grubhoffer, Libor

doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0036:deoirt]2.0.co;2

Cited by 85 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A defensin-like molecule from Ixodes ricinus was recently described and found to be induced following microbial challenge (Rudenko et al, 2005). In triatomines, defensins have been investigated in R. prolixus, being isolated, purified and sequenced (Lopez et al, 2003).…”

Section: Similar To Culicoides Salivary Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas’ disease

Assumpção

Francischetti

Andersen

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

117

132

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Triatoma infestans is a hemiptera, vector of Chagas' disease, that feeds exclusively on vertebrate blood in all life stages. Hematophagous insects' salivary glands (SG) produce potent pharmacological compounds that counteract host hemostasis, including anti-clotting, anti-platelet, and vasodilatory molecules. To obtain a further insight into the salivary biochemical and pharmacological complexity of this insect, a cDNA library from its salivary glands was randomly sequenced. Also, salivary proteins were submitted to two dimentional gel (2D-gel) electrophoresis followed by MS analysis. We present the analysis of a set of 1,534 (SG) cDNA sequences, 645 of which coded for proteins of a putative secretory nature. Most salivary proteins described as lipocalins matched peptide sequences obtained from proteomic results.

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Section: Similar To Culicoides Salivary Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas’ disease

Assumpção

Francischetti

Andersen

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

117

132

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“…Therefore, it is difficult to explain the antibacterial mechanism of this defensin, but the discovery of non-cationic defensin-like peptides indicates the antimicrobial mechanisms are more complex than before thought. By subtractive hybridization Rudenko et al (2005) showed that expression of a defensin gene is induced in Ixodes ricinus after a blood meal. Hynes et al (2005) identified a defensin gene from tissues of female Ixodes scapularis ticks and RT-PCR indicated the gene is expressed in the midgut, hemocytes and fat body.…”

Section: Defensinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Ticks: A review

Taylor

2006

J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn.

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Ticks transmit more different kinds of pathogenic organisms than any other hematophagous arthropod. This paper attempts to review the literature available on the cell-mediated and humoral responses of ticks. The cell-mediated defense responses by invertebrates are simpler than vertebrates, but are effective as a second line of defense against invasion by microorganisms. Hemocytes play a major role in this immune response through phagocytosis, nodule formation and encapsulation of invading foreign materials. These mechanisms appear to function in both soft and hard ticks. Humoral immune responses consist of three main types; humoral encapsulation, hemagglutination and production of antimicrobial proteins. Humoral encapsulation is elicited by the prophenoloxidase activating system and has only been shown to function in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. However, recent studies show the hard ticks also have prophenoloxidase activating cofactors indicating humoral encapsulation also functions in these ticks. Tick lectins function in hemagglutination of various microorganisms in both soft and hard ticks and also appear to function as recognition molecules of nonself and possibly in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Ticks also have numerous antimicrobial proteins that can attack the invading microorganisms. Lysozymes have been shown to have bactericidal effects in several tick species and work in concert with other antimicrobial peptides to kill invaders. Cystatins, classic cysteine protease inhibitors, have recently been shown to function in innate immune responses of ticks. Hemoglobin fragments have antimicrobial activity in the midgut of ticks. Defensins show expression up-regulated by blood feeding and are effective antimicrobial agents with some differences between soft and hard ticks. Other novel antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from various species of soft and hard ticks, but their functions remain to be elucidated. Understanding these innate immune mechanisms in ticks is essential to develop strategies for reducing the transmission of diseases to man and animals.

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“…In a recent study, thioredoxin peroxidase gene expression increased in organs of B. burgdorferi infected I. ricinus ticks [133] suggesting involvement in tick and pathogen interaction. It is interesting to note in this study thioredoxin peroxidase protein in non-infected ticks decreased with feeding (S3 Table).…”

Section: Anti-oxidantsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ixodes scapularistick saliva proteins sequentially secreted every 24h during blood feeding

Kim¹

2016

2016 International Congress of Entomology

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Ixodes scapularis is the most medically important tick species and transmits five of the 14 reportable human tick borne disease (TBD) agents in the USA. This study describes LC-MS/MS identification of 582 tick-and 83 rabbit proteins in saliva of I. scapularis ticks that fed for 24,48,72,96, and 120 h, as well as engorged but not detached (BD), and spontaneously detached (SD). The 582 tick proteins include proteases (5.7%), protease inhibitors (7.4%), unknown function proteins (22%), immunity/antimicrobial (2.6%), lipocalin (3.1%), heme/iron binding (2.6%), extracellular matrix/ cell adhesion (2.2%), oxidant metabolism/ detoxification (6%), transporter/ receptor related (3.2%), cytoskeletal (5.5%), and housekeeping-like (39.7%). Notable observations include: (i) tick saliva proteins of unknown function accounting for >33% of total protein content, (ii) 79% of proteases are metalloproteases, (iii) 13% (76/582) of proteins in this study were found in saliva of other tick species and, (iv) ticks apparently selectively inject functionally similar but unique proteins every 24 h, which we speculate is the tick's antigenic variation equivalent strategy to protect important tick feeding functions from host immune system. The host immune responses to proteins present in 24 h I. scapularis saliva will not be effective at later feeding stages. Rabbit proteins identified in our study suggest the tick's strategic use of host proteins to modulate the feeding site. Notably fibrinogen, which is central to blood clotting and wound healing, was detected in high abundance in BD and SD saliva, when the tick is preparing to terminate feeding and detach from the host. A remarkable tick adaptation is that the feeding lesion is completely healed when the tick detaches from the host. Does the tick concentrate fibrinogen at the feeding site to aide in promoting healing of the feeding lesion? Overall, these data provide broad insight into molecular mechanisms regulating different tick feeding phases. These data set the foundation for in depth I. scapularis tick feeding physiology and TBD transmission studies.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |

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Differential Expression of <I>Ixodes ricinus</I> Tick Genes Induced by Blood Feeding or <I>Borrelia burgdorferi</I> Infection

Cited by 85 publications

References 30 publications

An insight into the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas’ disease

An insight into the sialome of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas’ disease

Innate Immunity in Ticks: A review

Ixodes scapularistick saliva proteins sequentially secreted every 24h during blood feeding

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