Differential expression of Ixodes ricinus salivary gland proteins in the presence of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex

225

283

As long-term pool feeders, ticks have developed myriad strategies to remain discreetly but solidly attached to their hosts for the duration of their blood meal. The critical biological material that dampens host defenses and facilitates the flow of blood—thus assuring adequate feeding—is tick saliva. Saliva exhibits cytolytic, vasodilator, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive activity. This essential fluid is secreted by the salivary glands, which also mediate several other biological functions, including secretion of cement and hygroscopic components, as well as the watery component of blood as regards hard ticks. When salivary glands are invaded by tick-borne pathogens, pathogens may be transmitted via saliva, which is injected alternately with blood uptake during the tick bite. Both salivary glands and saliva thus play a key role in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to vertebrate hosts. During their long co-evolution with ticks and vertebrate hosts, microorganisms have indeed developed various strategies to exploit tick salivary molecules to ensure both acquisition by ticks and transmission, local infection and systemic dissemination within the vertebrate host.

Section: Tick Saliva and Pathogen Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tick Saliva and Pathogen Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission

Šimo

Kazimírová

Richardson

et al. 2017

225

283

“…In I. scapularis midgut cells, the up-regulation of Spectrin alpha chain or Alpha-fodrin in response to infection results in cytoskeleton remodeling that is used by A. phagocytophilum to facilitate infection (Ayllón et al, 2013, Figure 2A). Although not functionally characterized, a proteomics analysis in I. ricinus tick salivary glands showed the under-representation of cytoskeleton proteins in response to Borrelia infection, suggesting that some Borrelia strains promote a cytoskeleton rearrangement in ticks (Cotté et al, 2014, Figure 2B). …”

Section: Biological Processes Involved In Tick-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, as described in ticks, receptor-ligand-like interactions mediate pathogen recognition and infection in mosquitoes (Beerntsen et al, 2000). Remodeling of the cytoskeleton seems to be a general mechanism for tick pathogen infection (Cotté et al, 2014; de la Fuente et al, 2016). Pathogens such as Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Plasmodium parasites also affect mosquito cytoskeleton during infection (Vlachou et al, 2005; Wang et al, 2010).…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Directions For The Control Of Tick-bomentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Pathogen Interactions and Vector Competence: Identification of Molecular Drivers for Tick-Borne Diseases

Fuente

Antunes

Bonnet

et al. 2017

342

272

Ticks and the pathogens they transmit constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. Vector competence is a component of vectorial capacity and depends on genetic determinants affecting the ability of a vector to transmit a pathogen. These determinants affect traits such as tick-host-pathogen and susceptibility to pathogen infection. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions that affect vector competence is essential for the identification of molecular drivers for tick-borne diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of tick-pathogen molecular interactions for bacteria, viruses, and protozoa affecting human and animal health. Additionally, the impact of tick microbiome on these interactions was considered. Results show that different pathogens evolved similar strategies such as manipulation of the immune response to infect vectors and facilitate multiplication and transmission. Furthermore, some of these strategies may be used by pathogens to infect both tick and mammalian hosts. Identification of interactions that promote tick survival, spread, and pathogen transmission provides the opportunity to disrupt these interactions and lead to a reduction in tick burden and the prevalence of tick-borne diseases. Targeting some of the similar mechanisms used by the pathogens for infection and transmission by ticks may assist in development of preventative strategies against multiple tick-borne diseases.

“…Several comprehensive protein catalogs describing protein diversity in various tick fluids such as saliva (Madden et al, 2004; Cotté et al, 2014; Radulovic et al, 2014; Tirloni et al, 2014a, 2015) or hemolymph (Gudderra et al, 2002; Stopforth et al, 2010), as well as in midgut during feeding (Schwarz et al, 2014; Oleaga et al, 2015), have been compiled, vital to understanding mechanisms implicated in different biological processes such as tick feeding or tick immunity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serine Protease Inhibitors in Ticks: An Overview of Their Role in Tick Biology and Tick-Borne Pathogen Transmission

Blisnick

Foulon

Bonnet

2017

New tick and tick-borne pathogen control approaches that are both environmentally sustainable and which provide broad protection are urgently needed. Their development, however, will rely on a greater understanding of tick biology, tick-pathogen, and tick-host interactions. The recent advances in new generation technologies to study genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes has resulted in a plethora of tick biomacromolecular studies. Among these, many enzyme inhibitors have been described, notably serine protease inhibitors (SPIs), whose importance in various tick biological processes is only just beginning to be fully appreciated. Among the multiple active substances secreted during tick feeding, SPIs have been shown to be directly involved in regulation of inflammation, blood clotting, wound healing, vasoconstriction and the modulation of host defense mechanisms. In light of these activities, several SPIs were examined and were experimentally confirmed to facilitate tick pathogen transmission. In addition, to prevent coagulation of the ingested blood meal within the tick alimentary canal, SPIs are also involved in blood digestion and nutrient extraction from the meal. The presence of SPIs in tick hemocytes and their involvement in tick innate immune defenses have also been demonstrated, as well as their implication in hemolymph coagulation and egg development. Considering the involvement of SPIs in multiple crucial aspects of tick-host-pathogen interactions, as well as in various aspects of the tick parasitic lifestyle, these molecules represent highly suitable and attractive targets for the development of effective tick control strategies. Here we review the current knowledge regarding this class of inhibitors in tick biology and tick-borne pathogen transmission, and their potential as targets for future tick control trials.