Differential expression of four Arabidopsis PAL genes; PAL1 and PAL2 have functional specialization in abiotic environmental-triggered flavonoid synthesis

Olsen, Kristine M.; Lea, Unni S.; Slimestad, Rune; Verheul, Michel; Lillo, Cathrine

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2007.11.005

Cited by 217 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…In this study, the effects of different short-term N treatments on the chemical, physiological and biochemical characteristics of highbush blueberry were evaluated. It is widely reported that leaves and fruits of blueberry exhibit a particularly high content of phenolic compounds (Ribera et al, 2010), which could be affected by the short-term N supply as previously found for other plants, such as Arabidopsis and chamomile (Kováčik et al, 2007;Olsen et al, 2008).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Phenolics, rather than amino acid compounds, might be increased under N starvation. In fact, the accumulation of phenolics was increased by N depletion in a short-term study of Arabidopsis (Olsen et al, 2008). Moreover, the chlorogenic acid concentration was enhanced by two-fold in non-N treated chamomile plants compared with those supplied with N nutrition (Kováčik et al, 2007).…”

Section: Research Papermentioning

confidence: 95%

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Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Performance Are Differentially Affected by Short-Term Nitrogen Supply in Highbush Blueberry Cultivars at the Short-Term

et al. 2014

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E. Yañez-Mansilla, P. Cartes, M. Reyes-Díaz, A. Ribera-Fonseca, and M. Alberdi. 2014. Photosynthetic and antioxidant performance are differentially affected by short-term nitrogen supply in highbush blueberry cultivars. Cien. Inv. Agr. 41(1): 61-70. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for photosynthesis and may influence phenolic compound synthesis in higher plants. The effect of different amounts of N (0 to 38 mM) provided on a short-term (4 d) basis on the photosynthetic and antioxidant performance of highbush blueberry cultivars (Legacy and Bluegold) grown in a nutrient solution was studied. In both cultivars, the N concentration of leaves slightly increased in response to the N supply, with Bluegold frequently showing higher N concentrations than Legacy. Photosynthesis was reduced in Bluegold at the highest N dose, whereas in Legacy, a decrease of CO 2 assimilation occurred under N starvation. This decrease in photosynthesis was accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation but only in Bluegold. In both cultivars superoxide dismutase (SOD) was activated with an increasing N supply. Legacy also showed increased SOD activity to counteract oxidative stress at higher N levels. Radical scavenging activity was not affected by the N supply. However, the total phenols and anthocyanins steadily declined in the leaves of Legacy, and flavonoids were significantly increased in the roots of both cultivars with increasing N treatments. Thus, our findings indicate that blueberry cultivars exhibit differential sensitivity to short-term N stress, and SOD appears to be more involved than phenolic compounds in the amelioration of N-induced oxidative stress. Further studies are required to confirm the sensitivity to either N starvation in Legacy or N excess in Bluegold under long-term conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Research Papermentioning

confidence: 95%

Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Performance Are Differentially Affected by Short-Term Nitrogen Supply in Highbush Blueberry Cultivars at the Short-Term

et al. 2014

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“…The CYP71 subfamily contains 22 members (Nelson et al, 1996), but their physiological functions remain unclear and their putative role in seed dormancy will require further investigation. PAL1 is one of the genes, among four in Arabidopsis, coding for PAL, an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway and is considered as being a key regulation point between primary and secondary metabolism (Olsen et al, 2008;Huang et al, 2010). PAL activity regulates the content of the antioxidant flavonoids (Lepiniec et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted mRNA Oxidation Regulates Sunflower Seed Dormancy Alleviation during Dry After-Ripening

et al. 2011

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After-ripening is the mechanism by which dormant seeds become nondormant during their dry storage after harvest. The absence of free water in mature seeds does not allow detectable metabolism; thus, the processes associated with dormancy release under these conditions are largely unknown. We show here that sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed alleviation of dormancy during after-ripening is associated with mRNA oxidation and that this oxidation is prevented when seeds are maintained dormant. In vitro approaches demonstrate that mRNA oxidation results in artifacts in cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphim analysis and alters protein translation. The oxidation of transcripts is not random but selective, and, using microarrays, we identified 24 stored mRNAs that became highly oxidized during after-ripening. Oxidized transcripts mainly correspond to genes involved in responses to stress and in cell signaling. Among them, protein phosphatase 2C PPH1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1, and phenyl ammonia lyase 1 were identified. We propose that targeted mRNA oxidation during dry after-ripening of dormant seeds could be a process that governs cell signaling toward germination in the early steps of seed imbibition.

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“…in response to nitrogen deficiency and reduced temperature in Arabidopsis is associated with increased PAL activity and elevated levels of PAL1 and PAL2 transcripts (Olsen et al, 2008). Thus, PAL1 and PAL2 functional specialization in abiotic environment-triggered flavonoid synthesis may be attributed to their responsive expression, which would lead to increased PAL activity and elevated synthesis of trans-cinnamic acid.…”

Section: Roles Of Pal1 and Pal2 In Flavonoid Synthesis And Uv-b Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Analysis of the Arabidopsis PAL Gene Family in Plant Growth, Development, and Response to Environmental Stress

et al. 2010

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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces precursors to a variety of important secondary metabolites. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains four PAL genes (PAL1-PAL4), but there has been no genetic analysis to assess the biological functions of the entire gene family. Here, we report the generation and analysis of combined mutations for the four Arabidopsis PAL genes. Contrary to a previous report, we found that three independent pal1 pal2 double mutants were fertile and generated yellow seeds due to the lack of condensed tannin pigments in the seed coat. The pal1 pal2 double mutants were also deficient in anthocyanin pigments in various plant tissues, which accumulate in wild-type plants under stress conditions. Thus, PAL1 and PAL2 have a redundant role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the pal1 pal2 double mutants were more sensitive to ultraviolet-B light but more tolerant to drought than wildtype plants. We have also generated two independent pal1 pal2 pal3 pal4 quadruple knockout mutants, which are stunted and sterile. The quadruple knockout mutants still contained about 10% of the wild-type PAL activity, which might result from one or more leaky pal mutant genes or from other unknown PAL genes. The quadruple mutants also accumulated substantially reduced levels of salicylic acid and displayed increased susceptibility to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. These results provide further evidence for both distinct and overlapping roles of the Arabidopsis PAL genes in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses.

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Differential expression of four Arabidopsis PAL genes; PAL1 and PAL2 have functional specialization in abiotic environmental-triggered flavonoid synthesis

Cited by 217 publications

References 35 publications

Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Performance Are Differentially Affected by Short-Term Nitrogen Supply in Highbush Blueberry Cultivars at the Short-Term

Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Performance Are Differentially Affected by Short-Term Nitrogen Supply in Highbush Blueberry Cultivars at the Short-Term

Targeted mRNA Oxidation Regulates Sunflower Seed Dormancy Alleviation during Dry After-Ripening

Functional Analysis of the Arabidopsis PAL Gene Family in Plant Growth, Development, and Response to Environmental Stress

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