Differential expression of enteric neuroimmune‐network in invasive and acute watery diarrhoea

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate the changes of nerve morphology and distribution of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the rectum of Shigella flexneri-infected patients and in the duodenum of Vibrio cholerae O1-infected patients. Nerve morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructural analysis of intestinal biopsy revealed persisting axons degeneration throughout the study period in all patients. Regeneration was already evident at the acute stage with marked increase at late convalescence. Both acute shigellosis and cholera were accompanied by increased expression of NGF and histamine and decreased expression of serotonin that was restored at convalescence. Immunoreactivity of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was increased during acute cholera, whereas in shigellosis VIP- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves appeared at early convalescence. Both shigellosis and cholera induced long-lasting degeneration of enteric neuronal axons, despite the presence of ongoing proliferation and regeneration processes. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may play differential roles in invasive and watery diarrhoea.

Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection Induces Proinflammatory CD4+T-Cell Responses in Blood and Intestinal Mucosa of Infected Humans

“…The intensity of IL-17 staining was analyzed using an acquired computerized image analysis (ACIA) score. This metric has been described previously and is defined as the total positively stained area measured times the mean intensity of the positive area divided by the total area measured, including both negatively or positively stained tissues (31).…”

The Distribution of Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the Duodenum Tissue of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats

“…The increase in the synthesis of NGF may be an endogenous reaction for the survival of cells and prevention of diabetes formation (Larrıeta et al, 2006). Exogenous neurotrophic factors may induce intestinal myoelectric activities in rats, and NGF expression increases in invasive and acute watery diarrhea (Chai et al, 2003;Sarker et al, 2010).…”

Arsenic-Associated Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Immune Disruption in Human Placenta and Cord Blood

“…Special software (Tissue-includer), written in the high-level language QUIPS, was used to examine each video microscopic digital image. The color and morphology of the hematoxylin counterstained cells were set as a standard for positive and negative cells, and the positive staining of markers in placental tissue sections was defined by Leica software (Sarker et al 2009). The acquired video microscopic image was divided into 512 × 512 pixels, and each pixel was expressed in square micrometers (area) after calibration with the current magnification.…”