Differential Evolution Particle Swarm Optimization for Phase-Sensitivity Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Gas Sensor Based on MXene and Blue Phosphorene/Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Hybrid Structure

Abstract

A differential evolution particle swarm optimization (DEPSO) is presented for the design of a high-phase-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) gas sensor. The gas sensor is based on a bilayer metal film with a hybrid structure of blue phosphorene (BlueP)/transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and MXene. Initially, a Ag-BlueP/TMDCs-Ag-MXene heterostructure is designed, and its performance is compared with that of the conventional layer-by-layer method and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results indicate that optimizing the thickness of the layers in the gas sensor promotes phase sensitivity. Specifically, the phase sensitivity of the DEPSO is significantly higher than that of the PSO and the conventional method, while maintaining a lower reflectivity. The maximum phase sensitivity achieved is 1.866 × 106 deg/RIU with three layers of BlueP/WS2 and a monolayer of MXene. The distribution of the electric field is also illustrated, demonstrating that the optimized configuration allows for better detection of various gases. Due to its highly sensitive characteristics, the proposed design method based on the DEPSO can be applied to SPR gas sensors for environmental monitoring.

An Improved Seeker Optimization Algorithm for Phase Sensitivity Enhancement of a Franckeite- and WS2-Based SPR Biosensor for Waterborne Bacteria Detection

“…Because phase sensitivity configuration is less sensitive to external impacts, it may be utilized to improve the sensitivity of SPR biosensors [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The fact that the phase of the incident light wave’s transverse magnetic (TM) polarized component varies significantly while the phase of the transverse electric (TE) stays mostly constant serves as the foundation for this configuration [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Design and Analysis of PtSe2 and Blue Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterostructure-Based SPR Biosensor

“…Compared to ordinary 2D nanomaterials, the heterostructured 2D nanomaterials have increased optical absorption, mobility, charge transfer, and energy bandgap. , Specifically, the incorporation of blue phosphorene/TMDCs (BlueP/TMDCs) heterostructures into SPR sensors presents a promising opportunity for improved sensing capabilities . By integrating the distinctive electrical and optical characteristics of BlueP and TMDCs, these heterostructures provide tunable optical responses, enhanced sensitivity to variations in the local RI, and improved resilience in normal environmental circumstances. − In addition, the interaction between plasmonic excitations and excitonic states within these heterostructures gives rise to intensified electromagnetic fields in close proximity to the sensor surface, resulting in improved detection limits and heightened sensitivity toward analyte binding occurrences. , In this regard, several heterostructures, including BlueP–WS 2 , BlueP–WSe 2 , BlueP–MoS 2 , BlueP–MoSe 2 , etc., have been proposed to improve the performance of SPR sensors. For instance, Hossain et al introduced an optical biosensor that utilizes SPR using SnSe allotropes and a heterostructure composed of BlueP-MoS 2 .…”