Differential effects of treadmill running and wheel running on spatial or aversive learning and memory: roles of amygdalar brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and synaptotagmin I

Liu, Yu‐Fan; Chen, Hsiun‐ing; Wu, Cheng Nan; Kuo, Yu Min; Yu, Lung; Huang, A‐Min; Wu, Fong‐Sen; Chuang, Jih Ing; Jen, Chauying J.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173088

Cited by 168 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Modification of BDNF and/or the expression of its receptors (TrkB.FL, TrkB.T1, and TrkB.T2) have been described during normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (28). Our laboratory's previous studies have shown that exercise not only transiently elevates BDNF mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus (13), but also persistently upregulates the hippocampal BDNF receptor TrkB (20,21). Although acute severe exercise in mice failed to increase the BDNF mRNA level in the cerebellum (25), whether chronic moderate exercise has any effect in this regard remains to be clarified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic treadmill exercise in rats delicately alters the Purkinje cell structure to improve motor performance and toxin resistance in the cerebellum

Huang

Lin

Cho

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

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CJ. Chronic treadmill exercise in rats delicately alters the Purkinje cell structure to improve motor performance and toxin resistance in the cerebellum. J Appl Physiol 113: 889-895, 2012. First published July 26, 2012 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01363.2011.-Although exercise usually improves motor performance, the underlying cellular changes in the cerebellum remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether and how chronic treadmill exercise in young rats induced Purkinje cell changes to improve motor performance and rendered the cerebellum less vulnerable to toxin insults. After 1-wk familiarization of treadmill running, 6-wk-old male Wistar rats were divided into exercise and sedentary groups. The exercise group was then subjected to 8 wk of exercise training at moderate intensity. The rotarod test was carried out to evaluate motor performance. Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices were visualized by lucifer yellow labeling in single neurons and by calbindin immunostaining in groups of neurons. Compared with sedentary control rats, exercised rats not only performed better in the rotarod task, but also showed finer Purkinje cell structure (higher dendritic volume and spine density with the same dendritic field). The exercise-improved cerebellar functions were further evaluated by monitoring the long-lasting effects of intraventricular application of OX7-saporin. In the sedentary group, OX7-saporin treatment retarded the rotarod performance and induced ϳ60% Purkinje cell loss in 3 wk. As a comparison, the exercise group showed much milder injuries in the cerebellum by the same toxin treatment. In conclusion, exercise training in young rats increased the dendritic density of Purkinje cells, which might play an important role in improving the motor performance. Furthermore, as Purkinje cells in the exercise group were relatively toxin resistant, the exercised rats showed good motor performance, even under toxin-treated conditions. morphology; OX7-saporin; two-photon microscopy; running; motor function THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL activity and brain functions has been widely investigated. In particular, physical activity in older subjects benefits their mental health by protecting the brain against age-related deterioration (6). Many exercise studies primarily focus on brain structural and functional changes related to cognitive improvements (15), with relatively few studies focusing on the motor performance. Consequently, although connections between cognitive deficits and age-associated brain differences have been elucidated, relationships with motor performance are less well understood. Interestingly, aging impacts brain structures and associated behaviors differentially, with the cerebellum showing earlier senescence than the hippocampus (31). As physically active older adults require less error monitoring and show improvements in motor performance (26), it is desirable to explore the beneficial effects of exercise on the cerebellum. Purkinje cells in aged rats show pronounced dendrite degener...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic treadmill exercise in rats delicately alters the Purkinje cell structure to improve motor performance and toxin resistance in the cerebellum

Huang

Lin

Cho

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Forced exercise is routinely induced using a treadmill. The direct comparisons of treadmill and voluntary wheel running showed that both procedures improved spatial memory, but forced exercise also recruited fear-related neural pathways and increased aversive memory [8]. The fact that treadmill running may be seen as a different form of exercise than wheel running could contribute to the differential effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corticosterone and dopamine D2/D3 receptors mediate the motivation for voluntary wheel running in C57BL/6J mice

Ebada

Kendall

Pardon

2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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Number of tables: 1Number of words in the abstract: 248Number of words in the manuscript (including tables and figure legends): 6,639Number of words in the introduction: 1,290Number of words in the discussion: 1,243 ABSTRACT Physical exercise can improve cognition but whether this is related to motivation levels is unknown. Voluntary wheel running is a rewarding activity proposed as a model of motivation to exercise. To question the potential effects of exercise motivation on subsequent behaviour, we used a pharmacological approach targeting some reward mechanisms. The stress hormone corticosterone has rewarding effects mediated by activation of low affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GR). To investigate whether corticosterone synthesis motivates exercise via activation of GRs and subsequently, impacts on behaviour, we treated C57BL/6J mice acutely with the inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis metyrapone (35 mg/kg) or repeatedly with the GR antagonist mifepristone (30 mg/kg) prior to 1-hour running wheel sessions. To investigate whether reducing motivation to exercise impacts on behaviour, we antagonised running-induced dopamine D2/D3 receptors activation with sulpiride (25 or 50 mg/kg) and assessed locomotor, anxiety-related and memory performance after 20 running sessions over 4 weeks. We found that corticosterone synthesis contributes to running levels, but the maintenance of running behaviour was not mediated by activation of GRs. Intermittent exercise was not associated with changes in behavioural or cognitive performance. The persistent reduction in exercise levels triggered by sulpiride also had limited impact on behavioural performance, although the level of performance for some behaviours was related to the level of exercise. Altogether, these findings indicate that corticosterone and dopamine D2/D3 receptor activation contribute to the motivation for wheel running, but suggest that motivation for exercise is not a sufficient factor to alter behaviour in healthy mice.

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“…Not only pharmacological therapy but also exercise training [9][10][11] and calorie restriction 12,13) have been suggested to protect against cognitive decline. The benefits of calorie restriction on metabolic syndrome have been already established via improvement of insulin-resistance.…”

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Calorie Restriction Improves Cognitive Decline via Up-Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

et al. 2015

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SummaryIn metabolic syndrome (MetS), previous studies have suggested that cognitive decline is worsened. Among the factors associated with cognition, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus causes cognitive decline. We previously reported that exercise training with calorie restriction yielded protection against cognitive decline via BDNF in the hippocampus of hypertensive rats. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not calorie restriction results in protection against cognitive decline via BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus of MetS model rats. We divided dietary-induced obesity-prone and hypertensive rats (OP), as metabolic syndrome model rats, into three groups, fed with a high fat diet (HF), treated with calorie restriction (CR) plus vehicle, and treated with CR and ANA-12 (a TrkB antagonist) (CR+A). After treatment for 28 days, body weight, insulin, fasting blood glucose, adiponectin, systolic blood pressure, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus were significantly lower, and BDNF expression in the hippocampus was significantly higher in CR and CR+A than in HF. Cognitive performance determined by the Morris water maze test was significantly higher in CR than in HF, whereas the benefit was attenuated in CR+A. In conclusion, calorie restriction protects against cognitive decline via up-regulation of BDNF/TrkB through an antioxidant effect in the hippocampus of dietary-induced obesity rats. (Int Heart J 2015; 56: 110-115) Key words: Metabolic syndrome, Cognition O ne of the important types of organ damage in metabolic syndrome (MetS) is cognitive decline. 1) MetS-associated factors are linked to volume losses in the hippocampus, and MetS negatively impacts cognition by impaired vascular reactivity, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, and abnormal brain lipid metabolism.1) Among the factors associated with cognition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) are known to be involved in the protective mechanisms against stress and cell death as an antioxidant.2-6) Systemic oxidative stress and/or antioxidant deficiency cause cognitive decline, 7) and oxidative stress in the hippocampus in particular impairs cognitive function. 8) However, it has not been clarified whether BDNF/TrkB in the hippocampus of metabolic syndrome patients is impaired or not.Not only pharmacological therapy but also exercise training 9-11) and calorie restriction 12,13) have been suggested to protect against cognitive decline. The benefits of calorie restriction on metabolic syndrome have been already established via improvement of insulin-resistance. [13][14][15][16][17][18] However, in a previous clinical study, calorie restriction and/or exercise training did not protect against cognitive decline. 19) We previously demonstrated that exercise training plus calorie restriction causes synergistic protection against cognitive decline via up-regulation of BDNF in the hippocampus of stroke-pron...

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Differential effects of treadmill running and wheel running on spatial or aversive learning and memory: roles of amygdalar brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and synaptotagmin I

Cited by 168 publications

References 42 publications

Chronic treadmill exercise in rats delicately alters the Purkinje cell structure to improve motor performance and toxin resistance in the cerebellum

Chronic treadmill exercise in rats delicately alters the Purkinje cell structure to improve motor performance and toxin resistance in the cerebellum

Corticosterone and dopamine D2/D3 receptors mediate the motivation for voluntary wheel running in C57BL/6J mice

Calorie Restriction Improves Cognitive Decline via Up-Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

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