Differential effects of reproductive and hormonal state on basic fibroblast growth factor and glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and cingulate cortex of female rats

Salmaso, Natalina; Popeski, Naomi; Peronace, Laura; Woodside, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.038

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There is a robust increase in the number of astrocytes that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the Cg2 of lactating females compared to cycling females. This upregulation begins late in pregnancy, remains elevated throughout lactation, and for at least 8 days following pup removal, suggesting long-lasting plastic changes in glia within this region [11], [12], [13]. The dramatic increase in GFAP that we observed in Cg2 was specific to that area and was not seen either in adjacent areas of the cortex, such as Cg1, or in the MPOA [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…GFAP is one of the most commonly used markers for astrocytes and, not surprisingly, most studies of the effects of reproductive state on morphological remodeling of astrocytes, including our own, have used GFAP as an immunocytochemical marker [11], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein and is typically upregulated in reactive astrocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This upregulation begins late in pregnancy, remains elevated throughout lactation, and for at least 8 days following pup removal, suggesting long-lasting plastic changes in glia within this region [11], [12], [13]. The dramatic increase in GFAP that we observed in Cg2 was specific to that area and was not seen either in adjacent areas of the cortex, such as Cg1, or in the MPOA [11]. Furthermore, although there are small but significant fluctuations in bFGF and GFAP levels within Cg2 across the estrous cycle, even the highest levels observed remained significantly below those levels seen postpartum [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we have recently shown changes in astrocytic protein expression in the cingulate cortex area 2 (Cg2) of postpartum females [11], [12], [13]. There is a robust increase in the number of astrocytes that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the Cg2 of lactating females compared to cycling females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnancy and Maternal Behavior Induce Changes in Glia, Glutamate and Its Metabolism within the Cingulate Cortex

2011

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An upregulation of the astrocytic proteins GFAP and bFGF within area 2 of the cingulate cortex (Cg2) occurs within 3 hours of parturition in rats. These changes are the result of an interaction between hormonal state and maternal experience and are associated with increased dendritic spine density in this area. Here, we examined whether this upregulation of astrocytic proteins generalized to other glial markers and, in particular those associated with glutamate metabolism. We chose glial markers commonly used to reflect different aspects of glial function: vimentin, like GFAP, is a marker of intermediate filaments; glutamine synthetase (GS), and S-100beta, are used as markers for mature astrocytes and GS has also been used as a specific marker for glutamatergic enzymatic activity. In addition, we examined levels of proteins associated with glutamine synthetase, glutamate, glutamine and two excitatory amino acid transporters found in astrocytes, glt-1 and glast. S100beta immunoreactivity did not vary with reproductive state in either Cg2 or MPOA suggesting no change in the number of mature astrocytes across these conditions. Vimentin-ir did not differ across groups in Cg2, but expression of this protein decreased from Day 1 postpartum onwards in the MPOA. By contrast, GS-ir was increased within 24 h postpartum in Cg2 but not MPOA and similarly to GFAP and bFGF this upregulation of GS resulted from an interaction between hormonal state and maternal experience. Within Cg2, upregulation of GS was not accompanied by changes in the astrocytic glutamatergic transporters, glt-1 and glast, however, an increase in both glutamate and glutamine proteins were observed within the Cg2 of postpartum animals. Together, these changes suggest postpartum upregulation of glutamatergic activity and metabolism within Cg2 that is stimulated by pregnancy hormones and maternal experience.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnancy and Maternal Behavior Induce Changes in Glia, Glutamate and Its Metabolism within the Cingulate Cortex

2011

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“…The selective shift in mGluR3 expression from neurons to astrocytes in postpartum LSI may participate in these behavioral processes during the postpartum period. To date, it is not clear what functional role such a shift will have, but one possibility is that elevated mGluR3s in glial cells supports the significant glial changes in the postpartum state, including morphology, structure and function (Theodosis and Poulain 1984;Featherstone et al 2000;Salmaso et al 2005;Salmaso et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 3 Is Downregulated and Its Expression Is Shifted From Neurons to Astrocytes in the Mouse Lateral Septum During the Postpartum Period

Zhao

Gammie

2015

J Histochem Cytochem.

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Summary The inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) plays diverse and complex roles in brain function, including synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. We recently found that mGluR3 is downregulated in the lateral septum (LS) of postpartum females using microarray and qPCR analysis. In this study, we used double fluorescence immunohistochemical approaches to characterize mGluR3 changes in LS of the postpartum brain. The number of mGluR3-immunoractive cells was significantly reduced in the dorsal (LSD) and intermediate (LSI) but not ventral (LSV) parts of the LS in postpartum versus virgin females. mGluR3 immunoreactivity in the LS was found predominantly in neurons (~70%), with a smaller portion (~20%–30%) in astrocytes. Colocalization analysis revealed a reduced mGluR3 expression in neurons but an increased astrocytic localization in postpartum LSI. This change in the pattern of expression suggests that mGluR3 expression is shifted from neurons to astrocytes in postpartum LS, and the decrease in mGluR3 is neuron-specific. Because mGluR3 is inhibitory and negatively regulates glutamate and GABA release, decreases in neuronal expression would increase glutamate and GABA signaling. Given our recent finding that ~90% of LS neurons are GABAergic, the present data suggest that decreases in mGluR3 are a mechanism for elevated GABA in LS in the postpartum state.

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Maternal experience and adult neurogenesis in mammals: Implications for maternal care, cognition, and mental health

Medina

Workman

2018

J of Neuroscience Research

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The transition to motherhood encompasses physiological and behavioral adaptations essential for the initiation and maintenance of offspring care and feeding and includes widespread changes throughout the brain. The growth of new neurons occurs across the lifespan in distinct regions of mammalian brains and changes dynamically across reproductive events in female mammals. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus undergo high rates of neurogenesis in adulthood and are sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are associated with increased cell proliferation in the SVZ and interneuron survival in the olfactory bulb. In mice, peripartum prolactin signaling mediates SVZ neurogenesis and is important for enhanced olfactory recognition of offspring and maternal care. In contrast, cell proliferation and immature neuron survival decrease in the DG during the postpartum period. High baseline glucocorticoid concentrations suppress hippocampal neurogenesis, potentially representing an energetic trade-off accompanying a reduced need for spatial navigation early postpartum. In women, hippocampal volume decline during pregnancy and partial recovery during the postpartum period could contribute to the risk of psychiatric illness. New evidence indicates that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) is an additional site for adult neurogenesis sensitive to reproductive experience and offspring contact. In this review, we discuss the initial and lasting impact of maternal experience on adult neurogenesis. Because neurogenesis has been implicated in a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses, understanding how reproductive experience alters new neuron production in maternal mammals has far-reaching implications for women's health and wellness across the lifespan.

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Differential effects of reproductive and hormonal state on basic fibroblast growth factor and glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and cingulate cortex of female rats

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Pregnancy and Maternal Behavior Induce Changes in Glia, Glutamate and Its Metabolism within the Cingulate Cortex

Pregnancy and Maternal Behavior Induce Changes in Glia, Glutamate and Its Metabolism within the Cingulate Cortex

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 3 Is Downregulated and Its Expression Is Shifted From Neurons to Astrocytes in the Mouse Lateral Septum During the Postpartum Period

Maternal experience and adult neurogenesis in mammals: Implications for maternal care, cognition, and mental health

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