Differential effects of physical activity and sleep duration on cognitive function in young adults

Abstract

PurposeAlthough exercise and sleep duration habits are associated with cognitive function, their beneficial effects on cognitive function remain unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of sleep duration and daily physical activity on cognitive function, elucidating the neural mechanisms using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).MethodsA total of 23 healthy young adults (age 22.0 ± 2.2 years) participated in this study. Exercise amount was assessed using a uniaxial accelerometer. We evaluated total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency by actigraphy. Cognitive function was tested using the N-back task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Continuous Performance Test–Identical Pairs (CPT-IP), and the cortical oxygenated hemoglobin levels during a word fluency task were measured with NIRS.ResultsExercise amount was significantly correlated with reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks (r = −0.602, p = 0.002; r = −0.446, p = 0.033, respectively), whereas TST was significantly correlated with % corrects on the 2-back task (r = 0.486, p = 0.019). Multiple regression analysis, including exercise amount, TST, and sleep efficiency, revealed that exercise amount was the most significant factor for reaction time on 0- and 1-back tasks (β = −0.634, p = 0.002; β = −0.454, p = 0.031, respectively), and TST was the most significant factor for % corrects on the 2-back task (β = 0.542, p = 0.014). The parameter measured by WCST and CPT-IP was not significantly correlated with TST or exercise amount. Exercise amount, but not TST, was significantly correlated with the mean area under the NIRS curve in the prefrontal area (r = 0.492, p = 0.017).ConclusionExercise amount and TST had differential effects on working memory and cortical activation in the prefrontal area. Daily physical activity and appropriate sleep duration may play an important role in working memory.

Effects of physical activity on sustained attention: a systematic review

“…5) What is the design of the study which most researchers implemented? Most of studies implemented quasi-randomised controlled trials (either pretest-posttest design, nonequivalent design, interrupted time series design or combination design), one study used cross-sectional design [23], one study used non-randomised controlled study design [24], and only one study implemented randomised controlled trials [19].…”

“…In assessing sustained attention ability, there are many types and versions of sustained attention tests. The most frequent test used was the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) [13][14][15][16][17][18], followed by the Continuous Performance Test and its many versions such as Identical Pairs [19], and Conners'-II [20]. Other sustained attention tests are Digit Vigilance Test [21]; Picture Deletion Task Performance [22]; Rapid Visual Processing [23]; and Visual Pursuit Test [24].…”

“…In the worst case, it may result in attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. There are several ways to overcome mental fatigue such as drinking enough water [29]; listening to smooth music [30]; getting enough sleep, as well as being physically active [19]. PA not only helps to overcome a state of mental fatigue but also improves sustained attention especially in long duration activity such as during school hours [31,32].…”

The Contribution of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Understanding of the Effects of Acute Physical Exercise on Cognition

“…In addition, there is some evidence that several biopsychosocial factors (e.g., circadian rhythms [240][241][242], level of sleepiness [243], and level of arousal [244]) can influence cognitive performance. In particular, it was observed (i) that measures of the cortical hemodynamic response (e.g., obtained during a cognitive test) are associated with total sleep duration [245,246] and sleepiness [247,248] and (ii) that total sleep duration is associated with acute exercise-related changes in behavioral performance (e.g., executive function performance) [82]. Interestingly, the relationship between total sleep duration and acute exercise-related changes in executive function performance are mediated by the volume of the caudate nuclei [82].…”

A Review Ba(OH)2 : Transpor Ionik pada Barium Hidroksida di dalam Air dengan Konsep Termodinamika

“…Reaksi (39)(40)(41) barium hidroksida dengan garam amonium sangat endotermik. Reaksi barium hidroksida oktahidrat dengan amonium klorida atau amonium tiosianat sering digunakan sebagai demonstrasi kimia kelas, menghasilkan suhu yang cukup dingin untuk membekukan air dan air yang cukup untuk melarutkan hasil campuran (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48) .…”