Differential effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on early developmental outcome: A twin study.

Raz, Sarah; Shah, Farid Ullah; Sander, Christian

doi:10.1037/0894-4105.10.3.429

Cited by 7 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…There were no group differences in the frequency of intrauterine growth retardation. Unlike our infant twin sample (Raz et al, 1996), those in the higher-risk group were no more likely to be second born than their lower-risk co-twins. Therefore, the nondiscordant twin comparison group was not essential in the present investigation for ruling out the hypothesis that birth order itself (or any other demographic or perinatal factor), rather than discrepancy in perinatal hypoxic risk, may lead to outcome differences between co-twins.…”

Section: Participants By Relative-risk Levelcontrasting

confidence: 75%

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The effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on developmental outcome in early and middle childhood: A twin study.

Raz¹,

Glogowski-Kawamoto²,

Yu³

et al. 1998

Neuropsychology

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The goal of this study of 66 twins was to determine whether motor and cognitive functions assessed in early and middle childhood are vulnerable to perinatal hypoxic risk. In an earlier study of 76 infant and toddler twins (S. Raz, F. Shah, & C. Sander, 1996), the authors found that intrapair discrepancy on the Mental Developmental Index, but not on the Psychomotor Developmental Index, of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was associated with discordance for perinatal hypoxic risk. The twins at lower risk outperformed their higher risk co-twins. In the present study the authors sought to establish in a new sample of preschool and school-age twins whether gaps in performance persist into early and middle childhood. Although the disparity in hypoxic risk between the co-twins was typically moderate, significant intrapair differences were observed on the measure of motor performance. Among the motor abilities examined, skills involving visually guided ballistic arm movements appeared to be the most vulnerable to perinatal risk.

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Section: Participants By Relative-risk Levelcontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…The findings from these studies were inconsistent, perhaps because of the limited consideration of intrapair differences in perinatal hypoxic risk. The latter factor may play a mediating role in the reported associations between intelligence and birth weight (for review see Raz et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on developmental outcome in early and middle childhood: A twin study.

Raz¹,

Glogowski-Kawamoto²,

Yu³

et al. 1998

Neuropsychology

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“…In the present study, the lowest Bayley MDI scores were observed for toddlers whose birth weights were Ͼ4000 g. Birth weights Ͼ4000 g or large for gestational age birth weights are frequently associated with birth trauma, including perinatal anoxia (36,37). In turn, perinatal anoxia is associated with reduced cognitive abilities in singleton and twin populations (38,39). Therefore, it is possible that the observed findings in the present study occurred because the toddlers' with the heavier birth weights may have sustained a high rate of birth anoxia, which was partly responsible for their lower Bayley MDI scores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Stress During Pregnancy Affects General Intellectual and Language Functioning in Human Toddlers

et al. 2004

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Prenatal maternal stress has been shown to impair functioning in nonhuman primate offspring. Little is known about the effects of prenatal stress on intellectual and language development in humans because it is difficult to identify sufficiently large samples of pregnant women who have been exposed to an independent stressor. We took advantage of a natural disaster (January 1998 ice storm in Québec, Canada) to determine the effect of the objective severity of pregnant women's stress exposure on general intellectual and language development of their children. Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) scores and parentreported language abilities of 58 toddlers of mothers who were exposed to varying levels of prenatal stress were obtained at 2 y of age. The hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the toddlers' birth weight and age at testing accounted for 12.0% and 14.8% of the variance in the Bayley MDI scores and in productive language abilities, respectively. More importantly, the level of prenatal stress exposure accounted for an additional 11.4% and 12.1% of the variance in the toddlers' Bayley MDI and productive language abilities and uniquely accounted for 17.3% of the variance of their receptive language abilities. The more severe the level of prenatal stress exposure, the poorer the toddlers' abilities. The level of prenatal stress exposure accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the three dependent variables above and beyond that already accounted for by non-ice storm-related factors. We suspect that high levels of prenatal stress exposure, particularly early in the pregnancy, may negatively affect the brain development of the fetus, reflected in the lower general intellectual and language abilities in the toddlers. The effects of prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) on offspring abilities have been examined extensively in nonhuman primates in well-controlled studies. In general, increases in PNMS are related to elevated levels of inhibited behavior and decreases in cognitive and neuromotor functioning (1, 2). For example, both chronic stress during pregnancy (1) and 2 wk of ACTH administration at midgestation (2) predict poorer attention during infancy. Moreover, mild prenatal maternal stress is associated with delayed object permanence (3). In human populations, maternal anxiety (4) and moderate to severe life events (5, 6) during pregnancy increase the risk of obstetric complications such as preeclampsia, fetal distress, preterm birth, and low birth weight and predict an increase in neonatal crying (7), acute health problems during the first year (8), and behavioral and/or emotional problems at 4 y of age (9). Moreover, Apgar scores at 5 min were 2 SD lower in newborns of anxious mothers (4), indicating birth trauma. In terms of cognitive functioning in humans, PNMS has been linked to poorer performance. For example, a study of the long-term effects of PNMS associated with a major earthquake demonstrated that 18-y-olds who were exposed prenatally had signif- Received February ...

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“…Two small sibling cohort studies (N = 292) found an association between congenital hypothyroidism and motor skills (Oerbeck et al, 2003;Rovet, 1986). Perinatal hypoxic risk was not significantly associated to motor skills in two studies from the same twin cohort (N = 56) (Raz et al, 1996(Raz et al, , 1998. One single population-based cohort showed an association with maternal paracetamol use during pregnancy (Brandlistuen et al, 2013), while one twin cohort study found an association with congenital heart disease surgery (Schultz et al, 2017), both using dimensional outcomes for motor skills.…”

Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 94%

Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders – a systematic review of twin and sibling studies

et al. 2020

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While neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are highly heritable, several environmental risk factors have also been suggested. However, the role of familial confounding is unclear. To shed more light on this, we reviewed the evidence from twin and sibling studies. A systematic review was performed on case control and cohort studies including a twin or sibling within-pair comparison of neurodevelopmental outcomes, with environmental exposures until the sixth birthday. From 7,315 screened abstracts, 140 eligible articles were identified. After adjustment for familial confounding advanced paternal age, low birth weight, birth defects, and perinatal hypoxia and respiratory stress were associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and low birth weight, gestational age and family income were associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), categorically and dimensionally. Several previously suspected factors, including pregnancy-related factors, were deemed due to familial confounding. Most studies were conducted in North America and Scandinavia, pointing to a global research bias. Moreover, most studies focused on ASD and ADHD. This genetically informed review showed evidence for a range of environmental factors of potential casual significance in NDDs, but also points to a critical need of more genetically informed studies of good quality in the quest of the environmental causes of NDDs.

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Differential effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on early developmental outcome: A twin study.

Cited by 7 publications

References 63 publications

The effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on developmental outcome in early and middle childhood: A twin study.

The effects of perinatal hypoxic risk on developmental outcome in early and middle childhood: A twin study.

Stress During Pregnancy Affects General Intellectual and Language Functioning in Human Toddlers

Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders – a systematic review of twin and sibling studies

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