Differential effects of out-of-home day care in improving child nutrition and augmenting maternal income among those with and without childcare support: A prospective before–after comparison study in Pokhara, Nepal

daycare-systematic-review-preprint

“…For example, the impact of daycare on maternal earnings was unclear [24,25], which is consistent with previous findings [6]. In addition to conflicting evidence on the relationship between daycare provision and maternal earnings, we found little evidence on the impact of daycare on maternal physical and mental health and social outcomes.…”

“…Finally, four other studies [22][23][24][25] used observational design with more traditional regression adjustment. Deutsch and colleagues [22] and two studies from Hallman and Quisimbing and colleagues [23,25] used cross-sectional data and applied Heckman selection-type models to try and control for unmeasured characteristics of women who did vs. did not utilize daycare.…”

“…These studies generally found limited evidence of impacts of daycare on maternal employment and earnings. Nakahara and colleagues [24] used a pre-post design based on measures collected while children were on waiting lists for daycare versus when they were attending daycare. They found that having a child in daycare did not increase the number of employed mothers or working hours, and had an unclear impact on wages (mean income increased, but median income decreased).…”

“…Only one of the studies in our review was randomized [11], but a number of other studies were quasi-experimental. Notably, the studies that used observational designs without any attempt to identify plausibly exogenous variation in program exposure [21][22][23][24][25] tended to find weaker evidence or null effects. But, as noted above, it may be difficult to detect the direction of bias, as we found evidence of both upward [19] and downward [20] bias in naive analyses among papers with quasi-experimental study designs.…”

Implications of global budget payment system on nursing home costs

“…This is the approach adopted in many policy evaluation studies when the policy change a¤ects all …rms/individuals at the same time (e.g. Hat-ton, 2005;Nakahara et al, 2010;Narayana and Pengb, 2006;Rotte and Vogler, 1999 Assume the following general speci…cation of the dummy variable in the total costs function in (2):…”