Differential effects of midazolam and pentylenetetrazole on behavioral repetition and variation

Abreu‐Rodrigues, Josele; Hanna, Elenice Seixas; Cruz, Antônio Pedro de Mello; Matos, Ricardo A.; Delabrida, Z.

doi:10.1097/00008877-200412000-00002

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Results from a number of studies have supported this exception to behavioral momentum. Several drugs have been shown to disrupt performance under repetition contingencies while having little effect on performance under variability contingencies; for example, this effect has been demonstrated with ethanol (Cohen et al, ; Ward et al, ), d ‐amphetamine (Pesek‐Cotton, Johnson, & Newland, ; Ward et al, ), other stimulants, and benzodiazepines (Abreu‐Rodrigues, Hanna, de Mello Cruz, Matos, & Delabrida, ). Similar results have been found for delay of reinforcement (Odum et al, ; Stahlman & Blaisdell, ; Wagner & Neuringer, ), prefeeding, and other response‐independent food presentations (Doughty & Lattal, ).…”

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Persistence and relapse of reinforced behavioral variability

Galizio

Frye

Haynes

et al. 2018

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The present study examined persistence and relapse of reinforced behavioral variability in pigeons. Pigeons emitted four‐response sequences across two keys. Sequences produced food according to a lag schedule, in which a response sequence was followed by food if it differed from a certain number of previous sequences. In Experiment 1, food was delivered for sequences that satisfied a lag schedule in both components of a multiple schedule. When reinforcement was removed for one component (i.e., extinction), levels of behavioral variability decreased for only that component. In Experiment 2, food was delivered for sequences satisfying a lag schedule in one component of a multiple schedule. In the other component, food was delivered at the same rate, but without the lag variability requirement (i.e., yoked). Following extinction, levels of behavioral variability returned to baseline for both components after response‐independent food delivery (i.e., reinstatement). In Experiment 3, one group of pigeons responded on a lag variability schedule, and the other group responded on a lag repetition schedule. For both groups, levels of behavioral variability increased when alternative reinforcement was suspended (i.e., resurgence). In each experiment, we observed some evidence for extinction‐induced response variability and for variability as an operant dimension of behavior.

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confidence: 99%

Persistence and relapse of reinforced behavioral variability

Galizio

Frye

Haynes

et al. 2018

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Both the higher readiness to learn S1 with high probability and S2 (with intermediate probability) compared to S1 with low probability, and the more frequent reappearance of S1 with high probability than S1 with low probability may be attributed to the intrasequence discriminative control, i.e., the control exerted by a response over the next response of a sequence (Abreu-Rodrigues, Hanna, de Melo Cruz, Matos & Delabrida, 2004). S1 with high probability (FJFJF) and the sequence with intermediate probability (JJFJJ) involved regular alternation between the F and J keys, while S1 with low probability (JFJJF) required alternations at variable points of the sequence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies about the role of reinforcers rate on the reappearance of a response have inconsistent results (e.g., Craig & Shahan, 2016;Podlesnik & Shahan, 2010;Silva et al, 2008), both in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 of the present study the reappearance of S1 was correlated to higher rate of reinforcers. Moreover, the number of responses per sequence or, more precisely, the intrasequence discriminative control, which is stronger in sequences with lower number of responses (Abreu- Rodrigues et al, 2004), should also be considered. As noted in Experiment 1, by favoring the maintenance of sequence integrity this control, which is characterized by the predictive effect of each response upon the next response in the sequence, may also have promoted its reappearance (Reed et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaparecimento de sequências com diferentes números de respostas em contextos de extinção e de variação

Abreu‐Rodrigues

2016

Psic.: Teor. e Pesq.

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-The reappearance of a response previously extinguished when an alternative response no longer produces reinforcers is called resurgence. The effects of three variables on the reappearance of response sequences -sequence probability (high and low), context of test (extinction and operant variation) and number of responses per sequence (three and five responses) -were investigated. Sequences with high probability reappeared more often than sequences with low probability, the reappearance of the target sequence was more frequent under extinction than under variation, and the reappearance of the target sequence varied inversely with the number of responses by sequence. The reappearance of the target sequence was not conceptualized as resurgence because its frequency was lower than that of the control sequences.Keywords: resurgence, sequence probability, context of test, number of responses per sequence, humans. Reaparecimento de Sequências com Diferentes Números de Respostas em Contextos de Extinção e de VariaçãoRESUMO -O reaparecimento de uma resposta previamente extinta quando os reforços para uma resposta alternativa são descontinuados é denominado ressurgência. Foram investigados os efeitos de três variáveis sobre o reaparecimento de sequências de respostas: probabilidade da sequência (alta e baixa), contexto de teste (extinção e variação operante) e número de respostas por sequência (três e cinco). Sequências muito prováveis reapareceram mais frequentemente que sequências pouco prováveis; o reaparecimento da sequência alvo foi mais frequente no contexto de extinção do que de variação; e o reaparecimento da sequência alvo variou inversamente ao número de respostas por sequência. O reaparecimento da sequência alvo, entretanto, não foi conceitualizado como ressurgência, uma vez que sua frequência foi menor que a das sequências controle.Palavras-chave: ressurgência, probabilidade da sequência, contexto de teste, número de respostas por sequência, humanos.

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“…For example, when comparing the persistence of responding maintained by fixed-ratio (FR) and differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedules (Aló, Abreu-Rodrigues, Souza, & Cançado, 2015;Lattal, 1989) and by variableratio (VR) and VI schedules (Nevin, Grace, Holland, & McLean, 2001), greater resistance to change occurred in components in which baseline response rates were lower (i.e., DRL and VI schedules), despite similar reinforcement rates in each component. Differential resistance to change also has been reported when variation versus repetition contingencies are in effect in baseline (Abreu-Rodrigues, Hanna, Mello-Cruz, Matos, & Delabrida, 2004;Arantes, Berg, Le, & Grace, 2012;Doughty & Lattal, 2001) and when delays of reinforcement are used to manipulate responsereinforcer relations in baseline (Bell, 1999;Grace, Schwendiman, & Nevin, 1998;Podlesnik, Jimenez-Gomes, Ward, & Shahan, 2006).…”

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Response–reinforcer dependency and resistance to change

Cançado

Abreu‐Rodrigues

Aló

et al. 2017

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The effects of the response-reinforcer dependency on resistance to change were studied in three experiments with rats. In Experiment 1, lever pressing produced reinforcers at similar rates after variable interreinforcer intervals in each component of a two-component multiple schedule. Across conditions, in the fixed component, all reinforcers were response-dependent; in the alternative component, the percentage of response-dependent reinforcers was 100, 50 (i.e., 50% response-dependent and 50% response-independent) or 10% (i.e., 10% response-dependent and 90% response-independent). Resistance to extinction was greater in the alternative than in the fixed component when the dependency in the former was 10%, but was similar between components when this dependency was 100 or 50%. In Experiment 2, a three-component multiple schedule was used. The dependency was 100% in one component and 10% in the other two. The 10% components differed on how reinforcers were programmed. In one component, as in Experiment 1, a reinforcer had to be collected before the scheduling of other response-dependent or independent reinforcers. In the other component, response-dependent and -independent reinforcers were programmed by superimposing a variable-time schedule on an independent variable-interval schedule. Regardless of the procedure used to program the dependency, resistance to extinction was greater in the 10% components than in the 100% component. These results were replicated in Experiment 3 in which, instead of extinction, VT schedules replaced the baseline schedules in each multiple-schedule component during the test. We argue that the relative change in dependency from Baseline to Test, which is greater when baseline dependencies are high rather than low, could account for the differential resistance to change in the present experiments. The inconsistencies in results across the present and previous experiments suggest that the effects of dependency on resistance to change are not well understood. Additional systematic analyses are important to further understand the effects of the response-reinforcer relation on resistance to change and to the development of a more comprehensive theory of behavioral persistence.

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Differential effects of midazolam and pentylenetetrazole on behavioral repetition and variation

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Persistence and relapse of reinforced behavioral variability

Persistence and relapse of reinforced behavioral variability

Reaparecimento de sequências com diferentes números de respostas em contextos de extinção e de variação

Response–reinforcer dependency and resistance to change

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