Differential effects of medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The health effects of saturated fat, particularly tropical oil, on cardiovascular disease are unclear. We investigated the effect of tropical oil (palm and coconut oils), lard, and other common vegetable oils (soybean and rice bran oils) that are widely used in tropical and Asian countries on lipid profiles. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched up to December 2018 without language restriction. We identified nine meta-analyses that investigated the effect of dietary oils on lipid levels. Replacement of polyunsaturated fatty-acid-rich oils (PUFAs) and monounsaturated FA-rich oils (MUFAs) with palm oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), by 3.43 (0.44–6.41) mg/dL and 9.18 (6.90–11.45) mg/dL, respectively, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), by 1.89 (1.23–2.55) mg/dL and 0.94 (−0.07–1.97) mg/dL, respectively. Replacement of PUFAs with coconut oil significantly increased HDL-c and total cholesterol –by 2.27 (0.93–3.6) mg/dL and 5.88 (0.21–11.55) mg/dL, respectively—but not LDL-c. Substituting lard for MUFAs and PUFAs increased LDL-c–by 8.39 (2.83–13.95) mg/dL and 9.85 (6.06–13.65) mg/dL, respectively—but not HDL-c. Soybean oil substituted for other PUFAs had no effect on lipid levels, while rice bran oil substitution decreased LDL-c. Our findings show the deleterious effect of saturated fats from animal sources on lipid profiles. Replacement of unsaturated plant-derived fats with plant-derived saturated fats slightly increases LDL-c but also increases HDL-c, which in turn may exert a neutral effect on cardiovascular health.

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“…A total of 1098 studies were identified, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria ( Figure 1 ) [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropical Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses

et al. 2021

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“…MCFA-rich diets can increase high-density lipoprotein levels in humans compared to saturated LCFA-rich diets (Panth et al, 2018), with mixed reports on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (Marten et al, 2005). If MCFAs exist in LDL, then they could also present at macrophages as oxidized LDL (oxLDL) during atherogenesis.…”

Section: Lipoprotein Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor?

Luscombe

Lucy

Bataille

et al. 2020

DNA and Cell Biology

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GPR84 is an inflammation-induced receptor highly expressed on immune cells, yet its endogenous ligand is still unknown. This makes any interpretation of its physiological activity in vivo difficult. However, experiments with potent synthetic agonists have highlighted what the receptor can do, namely, enhance proinflammatory signaling and macrophage effector functions such as phagocytosis. Developing drugs to block these effects has attracted interest from the scientific community with the aim of decreasing disease activity in inflammatory disorders or enhancing inflammation resolution. In this review, we critically reassess the widely held belief that the major role of GPR84 is that of being a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor. While MCFAs have been shown to activate GPR84, it remains to be demonstrated that they are present in relevant tissues at appropriate concentrations. In contrast to four other ''full-time'' free fatty acid receptor subtypes, GPR84 is not expressed by enteroendocrine cells and has limited expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Across multiple tissues and cell types, the highest expression levels of GPR84 are observed hours after exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These factors obscure the relationship between ligand and receptor in the human body and do not support the exclusive physiological pairing of MCFAs with GPR84. To maximize the chances of developing efficacious drugs for inflammatory diseases, we must advance our understanding of GPR84 and what it does in vivo.

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“…SCFAs are produced by the gut microbiome via fermentation of dietary fibers and are distributed across the body through the bloodstream. SCFAs are utilized by the body to provide energy or as signaling molecules ( 81 , 82 ). SCFAs inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and promote anti-inflammatory cell phenotypes (i.e., neutrophils) that maintain homeostasis, and suppress nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production ( 80 , 83 , 84 ).…”

Section: Lung Microbiome and Asthmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Lung Microbiome in Innate Immune Response Associated With Chronic Lung Diseases

et al. 2020

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Respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung fibrosis, and lung cancer, pose a huge socioeconomic burden on society and are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the past, culture-dependent techniques could not detect bacteria in the lungs, therefore the lungs were considered a sterile environment. However, the development of culture-independent techniques, particularly 16S rRNA sequencing, allowed for the detection of commensal microbes in the lung and with further investigation, their roles in disease have since emerged. In healthy individuals, the predominant commensal microbes are of phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, including those of the genera Veillonella and Prevotella. In contrast, pathogenic microbes (Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas) are often associated with lung diseases. There is growing evidence that microbial metabolites, structural components, and toxins from pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria have the capacity to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, and therefore can contribute to the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Here we review the multiple mechanisms that are altered by pathogenic microbiomes in asthma, COPD, lung cancer, and lung fibrosis. Furthermore, we focus on the recent exciting advancements in therapies that can be used to restore altered microbiomes in the lungs.

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Differential effects of medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 53 publications

References 45 publications

Tropical Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses

Tropical Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses

20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor?

Role of Lung Microbiome in Innate Immune Response Associated With Chronic Lung Diseases

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