Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Genetic and Environmental Risk for Emotional Eating in Women

Klump, Kelly L.; O'Connor, Shannon M.; Hildebrandt, Britny A.; Keel, Pamela K.; Neale, Michael C.; Sisk, Cheryl L.; Boker, Steven M.; Burt, S. Alexandra

doi:10.1177/2167702616641637

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Together with past work, results suggest that same-day deviations from mean hormone levels examined in previous studies (Edler et al, 2007;Klump et al, 2013Klump et al, , 2014Klump et al, , 2016) may be driving the increase in EE in the midluteal phase. Reasons for this are unclear; although pronounced changes in estradiol and progesterone are expected components of the menstrual cycle that trigger and follow ovulation, ovulation may not increase EE risk.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Associations between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: Do ovulatory shifts in hormones matter?

Fowler

Keel

Burt

et al. 2019

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective: Elevated ovarian hormone levels are associated with increased risk for binge eating (BE) and emotional eating (EE) during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, past studies have not examined whether pronounced hormonal changes that precede the midluteal phase (i.e., the dramatic decrease in estradiol and increase in progesterone during/after ovulation) also influence midluteal increases in binge-related symptoms. Past theories and studies of phenotypes strongly related to BE (e.g., depression) suggest that these pronounced hormonal changes may also contribute. This study examined this possibility in 375 female twins (aged 15-25 years) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry.Methods: Daily ratings of EE (assessed with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) and daily saliva samples of estradiol and progesterone were collected for 45 consecutive days.Results: No significant associations were found between pronounced changes in estradiol or progesterone across ovulation and changes in EE scores in the midluteal phase. Results remained unchanged after controlling for body mass index and negative affect and examining participants with clinical BE episodes or more extreme hormonal fluctuations. Discussion:In aggregate, the current findings and past data suggest that hormone levels are more significant predictors of EE than pronounced hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle. K E Y W O R D S binge eating, emotional eating, estrogen, ovarian hormones, ovulation, progesterone, pronounced change Note. BMI = body mass index; Difference score = maximum − minimum; EST = estradiol; Max = maximum; Min = minimum; Neg Aff = negative affect; PRO = progesterone; SE = standard error; Trans = transition. 198FOWLER ET AL.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Associations between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: Do ovulatory shifts in hormones matter?

Fowler

Keel

Burt

et al. 2019

Intl J Eating Disorders

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“…Natural fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle seem to account for these effects, as higher levels of both estradiol and progesterone predict increased levels of BE and EE across the cycle 4, 39, 40 . These associations between hormones and BE/EE are present in community 5, 39– 41 and clinical 4, 6 samples of women, although effects appear stronger in clinical samples 4, 6 .…”

Section: Ovarian Hormones and Binge Eatingmentioning

confidence: 84%

Stress as a potential moderator of ovarian hormone influences on binge eating in women

Fowler

Sisk

et al. 2019

F1000Res

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Previous research has demonstrated significant associations between increased levels of ovarian hormones and increased rates of binge eating (BE) in women. However, whereas all women experience fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle, not all women binge eat in response to these fluctuations, suggesting that other factors must contribute. Stress is one potential contributing factor. Specifically, it may be that hormone-BE associations are stronger in women who experience high levels of stress, particularly as stress has been shown to be a precipitant to BE episodes in women. To date, no studies have directly examined stress as a moderator of hormone-BE associations, but indirect data (that is, associations between BE and stress and between ovarian hormones and stress) could provide initial clues about moderating effects. Given the above, the purpose of this narrative review was to evaluate these indirect data and their promise for understanding the role of stress in hormone-BE associations. Studies examining associations between all three phenotypes (that is, ovarian hormones, stress, and BE) in animals and humans were reviewed to provide the most thorough and up-to-date review of the literature on the potential moderating effects of stress on ovarian hormone–BE associations. Overall, current evidence suggests that associations between hormones and BE may be stronger in women with high stress levels, possibly via altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress and increased sensitivity to and altered effects of ovarian hormones during stress. Additional studies are necessary to directly examine stress as a moderator of ovarian hormone–BE associations and identify the mechanisms underlying these effects.

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“…Further, future twin studies should consider whether individual differences in binge eating are more likely to result from genetically-mediated mechanisms that do not overlap with negative urgency (e.g., obesity, ovarian hormones, appetite-regulating hormones; Bulik et al, 2003; Culbert, Racine, & Klump, 2016; Klump et al, 2016) in individuals with low versus high ED-specific risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating disorder-specific risk factors moderate the relationship between negative urgency and binge eating: A behavioral genetic investigation.

Racine

VanHuysse

Keel

et al. 2017

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Theoretical models of binge eating and eating disorders include both transdiagnostic and eating disorder-specific risk factors. Negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to act impulsively when distressed) is a critical transdiagnostic risk factor for binge eating, but limited research has examined interactions between negative urgency and disorder-specific variables. Investigating these interactions can help identify the circumstances under which negative urgency is most strongly associated with binge eating. We examined whether prominent risk factors (i.e., appearance pressures, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint) specified in well-established etiologic models of eating disorders moderate negative urgency-binge eating associations. Further, we investigated whether phenotypic moderation effects were due to genetic and/or environmental associations between negative urgency and binge eating. Participants were 988 female twins aged 11–25 years from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Appearance pressures, thin-ideal internalization, and body dissatisfaction, but not dietary restraint, significantly moderated negative urgency-binge eating associations, with high levels of these risk factors and high negative urgency associated with the greatest binge eating. Twin moderation models revealed that genetic, but not environmental, sharing between negative urgency and binge eating was enhanced at higher levels of these eating disorder-specific variables. Future longitudinal research should investigate whether eating disorder risk factors shape genetic influences on negative urgency into manifesting as binge eating.

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Differential Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Genetic and Environmental Risk for Emotional Eating in Women

Cited by 33 publications

References 60 publications

Associations between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: Do ovulatory shifts in hormones matter?

Associations between ovarian hormones and emotional eating across the menstrual cycle: Do ovulatory shifts in hormones matter?

Stress as a potential moderator of ovarian hormone influences on binge eating in women

Eating disorder-specific risk factors moderate the relationship between negative urgency and binge eating: A behavioral genetic investigation.

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